1. Overview of Hosts in Foreman

A host is any Linux client that Foreman manages. Hosts can be physical or virtual. Virtual hosts can be deployed on any platform supported by Foreman, such as Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine, KVM, libvirt, Microsoft Azure, OpenStack, oVirt, Proxmox, Rackspace Cloud Services, or VMware vSphere.

Foreman enables host management at scale, including monitoring, provisioning, remote execution, configuration management, software management, and subscription management. You can manage your hosts from the Foreman web UI or from the command line.

In the Foreman web UI, you can browse all hosts recognized by Foreman server, grouped by type:

  • All Hosts – a list of all hosts recognized by Foreman server.

  • Discovered Hosts – a list of bare-metal hosts detected on the provisioning network by the Discovery plug-in.

  • Content Hosts – a list of hosts that manage tasks related to content and subscriptions.

  • Host Collections – a list of user-defined collections of hosts used for bulk actions such as errata installation.

To search for a host, type in the Search field, and use an asterisk (*) to perform a partial string search. For example, if searching for a content host named dev-node.example.com, click the Content Hosts page and type dev-node* in the Search field. Alternatively, *node* will also find the content host dev-node.example.com.

Warning
 Foreman server is listed as a host itself even if it is not self-registered. Do not delete Foreman server from the list of hosts.

2. Administering Hosts

This chapter describes creating, registering, administering, and removing hosts.

2.1. Creating a Host in Foreman

Use this procedure to create a host in Foreman. To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, click Hosts > Create Host.

  2. On the Host tab, enter the required details.

  3. Click the Ansible Roles tab, and from the Ansible Roles list, select one or more roles that you want to add to the host. Use the arrow icon to manage the roles that you add or remove.

  4. On the Puppet Classes tab, select the Puppet classes you want to include.

  5. On the Interfaces tab:

    1. For each interface, click Edit in the Actions column and configure the following settings as required:

      • Type — For a Bond or BMC interface, use the Type list and select the interface type.

      • MAC address — Enter the MAC address.

      • DNS name — Enter the DNS name that is known to the DNS server. This is used for the host part of the FQDN.

      • Domain — Select the domain name of the provisioning network. This automatically updates the Subnet list with a selection of suitable subnets.

      • IPv4 Subnet — Select an IPv4 subnet for the host from the list.

      • IPv6 Subnet — Select an IPv6 subnet for the host from the list.

      • IPv4 address — If IP address management (IPAM) is enabled for the subnet, the IP address is automatically suggested. Alternatively, you can enter an address. The address can be omitted if provisioning tokens are enabled, if the domain does not mange DNS, if the subnet does not manage reverse DNS, or if the subnet does not manage DHCP reservations.

      • IPv6 address — If IP address management (IPAM) is enabled for the subnet, the IP address is automatically suggested. Alternatively, you can enter an address.

      • Managed — Select this checkbox to configure the interface during provisioning to use the Smart Proxy provided DHCP and DNS services.

      • Primary — Select this checkbox to use the DNS name from this interface as the host portion of the FQDN.

      • Provision — Select this checkbox to use this interface for provisioning. This means TFTP boot will take place using this interface, or in case of image based provisioning, the script to complete the provisioning will be executed through this interface. Note that many provisioning tasks, such as downloading RPMs by anaconda, Puppet setup in a %post script, will use the primary interface.

      • Virtual NIC — Select this checkbox if this interface is not a physical device. This setting has two options:

        • Tag — Optionally set a VLAN tag. If unset, the tag will be the VLAN ID of the subnet.

        • Attached to — Enter the device name of the interface this virtual interface is attached to.

    2. Click OK to save the interface configuration.

    3. Optionally, click Add Interface to include an additional network interface. For more information, see Adding Network Interfaces.

    4. Click Submit to apply the changes and exit.

  6. On the Operating System tab, enter the required details. For Red Hat operating systems, select Synced Content for Media Selection. If you want to use non Red Hat operating systems, select All Media, then select the installation media from the Media Selection list. You can select a partition table from the list or enter a custom partition table in the Custom partition table field. You cannot specify both.

  7. On the Parameters tab, click Add Parameter to add any parameter variables that you want to pass to job templates at run time. This includes all Puppet Class, Ansible playbook parameters and host parameters that you want to associate with the host. To use a parameter variable with an Ansible job template, you must add a Host Parameter.

  8. On the Additional Information tab, enter additional information about the host.

  9. Click Submit to complete your provisioning request.

CLI procedure

  • To create a host associated to a host group, enter the following command:

    # hammer host create \
--name "My_Host_Name" \
--hostgroup "My_Host_Group" \
--interface="primary=true, \
            provision=true, \
            mac=mac_address, \
            ip=ip_address" \
--organization "My_Organization" \
--location "My_Location" \
--ask-root-password yes

    This command prompts you to specify the root password. It is required to specify the host’s IP and MAC address. Other properties of the primary network interface can be inherited from the host group or set using the --subnet, and --domain parameters. You can set additional interfaces using the --interface option, which accepts a list of key-value pairs. For the list of available interface settings, enter the hammer host create --help command.

2.2. Cloning Hosts

You can clone existing hosts.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  2. In the Actions menu, click Clone.

  3. On the Host tab, ensure to provide a Name different from the original host.

  4. On the Interfaces tab, ensure to provide a different IP address.

  5. Click Submit to clone the host.

For more information, see Creating a Host in Foreman.

2.3. Associating A Virtual Machine with Foreman from a Hypervisor

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Compute Resources.

  2. Select a compute resource.

  3. On the Virtual Machines tab, click Associate VM from the Actions menu.

2.4. Changing a Module Stream for a Host

If you have a host running Enterprise Linux 8, you can modify the module stream for the repositories you install.

After you create the host, you can enable, disable, install, update, and remove module streams from your host in the Foreman web UI.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Content Hosts and click the name of the host that contains the modules you want to change.

  2. Click the Module Streams tab.

  3. From the Available Module Streams list, locate the module that you want to change. You can use the Filter field to refine the list entries. You can also use the Filter Status list to search for modules with a specific status.

  4. From the Actions list, select the change that you want to make to the module.

  5. In the Job Invocation window, ensure that the job information is accurate. Change any details that you require, and then click Submit.

2.5. Creating a Host Group

If you create a high volume of hosts, many of the hosts can have common settings and attributes. Adding these settings and attributes for every new host is time consuming. If you use host groups, you can apply common attributes to hosts that you create.

A host group functions as a template for common host settings, containing many of the same details that you provide to hosts. When you create a host with a host group, the host inherits the defined settings from the host group. You can then provide additional details to individualize the host.

To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure.

Host Group Hierarchy

You can create a hierarchy of host groups. Aim to have one base level host group that represents all hosts in your organization and provide general settings, and then nested groups to provide specific settings. For example, you can have a base level host group that defines the operating system, and two nested host groups that inherit the base level host group:

  • Hostgroup: Base (Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.6)

    • Hostgroup: Webserver (applies the httpd Puppet class)

      • Host: webserver1.example.com (web server)

      • Host: webserver2.example.com (web server)

    • Hostgroup: Storage (applies the nfs Puppet class)

      • Host: storage1.example.com (storage server)

      • Host: storage2.example.com (storage server)

    • Host: custom.example.com (custom host)

In this example, all hosts use Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.6 as their operating system because of their inheritance of the Base host group. The two web server hosts inherit the settings from the Webserver host group, which includes the httpd Puppet class and the settings from the Base host group. The two storage servers inherit the settings from the Storage host group, which includes the nfs Puppet class and the settings from the Base host group. The custom host only inherits the settings from the Base host group.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Configure > Host Groups and click Create Host Group.

  2. If you have an existing host group that you want to inherit attributes from, you can select a host group from the Parent list. If you do not, leave this field blank.

  3. Enter a Name for the new host group.

  4. Enter any further information that you want future hosts to inherit.

  5. Click the Ansible Roles tab, and from the Ansible Roles list, select one or more roles that you want to add to the host. Use the arrow icon to manage the roles that you add or remove.

  6. Click the additional tabs and add any details that you want to attribute to the host group.

    Note

    Puppet fails to retrieve the Puppet CA certificate while registering a host with a host group associated with a Puppet environment created inside a Production environment.

    To create a suitable Puppet environment to be associated with a host group, manually create a directory:

    # mkdir /etc/puppetlabs/code/environments/example_environment

  7. Click Submit to save the host group.

CLI procedure

  • Create the host group with the hammer hostgroup create command. For example:

    # hammer hostgroup create --name "Base" \
--architecture "My_Architecture" \
--content-source-id _My_Content_Source_ID_ \
--content-view "_My_Content_View_" \
--domain "_My_Domain_" \
--lifecycle-environment "_My_Lifecycle_Environment_" \
--locations "_My_Location_" \
--medium-id _My_Installation_Medium_ID_ \
--operatingsystem "_My_Operating_System_" \
--organizations "_My_Organization_" \
--partition-table "_My_Partition_Table_" \
--puppet-ca-proxy-id _My_Puppet_CA_Proxy_ID_ \
--puppet-environment "_My_Puppet_Environment_" \
--puppet-proxy-id _My_Puppet_Proxy_ID_ \
--root-pass "My_Password" \
--subnet "_My_Subnet_"

2.6. Creating a Host Group for Each Lifecycle Environment

Use this procedure to create a host group for the Library lifecycle environment and add nested host groups for other lifecycle environments.

Procedure

To create a host group for each life cycle environment, run the following Bash script:

MAJOR="My_Major_OS_Version"
ARCH="My_Architecture"
ORG="My_Organization"
LOCATIONS="My_Location"
PTABLE_NAME="My_Partition_Table"
DOMAIN="My_Domain"

hammer --output csv --no-headers lifecycle-environment list --organization "${ORG}" | cut -d ',' -f 2 | while read LC_ENV; do
  [[ ${LC_ENV} == "Library" ]] && continue

  hammer hostgroup create --name "rhel-${MAJOR}server-${ARCH}-${LC_ENV}" \
    --architecture "${ARCH}" \
    --partition-table "${PTABLE_NAME}" \
    --domain "${DOMAIN}" \
    --organizations "${ORG}" \
    --query-organization "${ORG}" \
    --locations "${LOCATIONS}" \
    --lifecycle-environment "${LC_ENV}"
done

2.7. Changing the Host Group of a Host

Use this procedure to change the Host Group of a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Select the checkbox of the host you want to change.

  3. From the Select Action list, select Change Group. A new option window opens.

  4. From the Host Group list, select the group that you want for your host.

  5. Click Submit.

2.8. Changing the Environment of a Host

Use this procedure to change the environment of a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Select the checkbox of the host you want to change.

  3. From the Select Action list, select Change Environment. A new option window opens.

  4. From the Environment list, select the new environment for your host.

  5. Click Submit.

2.9. Changing the Managed Status of a Host

Hosts provisioned by Foreman are Managed by default. When a host is set to Managed, you can configure additional host parameters from Foreman server. These additional parameters are listed on the Operating System tab. If you change any settings on the Operating System tab, they will not take effect until you set the host to build and reboot it.

If you need to obtain reports about configuration management on systems using an operating system not supported by Foreman, set the host to Unmanaged.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Select the host.

  3. Click Edit.

  4. Click Manage host or Unmanage host to change the host’s status.

  5. Click Submit.

2.10. Assigning a Host to a Specific Organization

Use this procedure to assign a host to a specific organization. For general information about organizations and how to configure them, see Managing Organizations in the Managing Organizations and Locations in Foreman Guide.

Note

If your host is already registered with a different organization, you must first unregister the host before assigning it to a new organization. To unregister the host, run subscription-manager unregister on the host. After you assign the host to a new organization, you can re-register the host.
Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Select the checkbox of the host you want to change.

  3. From the Select Action list, select Assign Organization. A new option window opens.

  4. From the Select Organization list, select the organization that you want to assign your host to. Select the checkbox Fix Organization on Mismatch.

    Note

    A mismatch happens if there is a resource associated with a host, such as a domain or subnet, and at the same time not associated with the organization you want to assign the host to. The option Fix Organization on Mismatch will add such a resource to the organization, and is therefore the recommended choice. The option Fail on Mismatch will always result in an error message. For example, reassigning a host from one organization to another will fail, even if there is no actual mismatch in settings.

  5. Click Submit.

2.11. Assigning a Host to a Specific Location

Use this procedure to assign a host to a specific location. For general information about locations and how to configure them, see Creating a Location in the Content Management Guide.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Select the checkbox of the host you want to change.

  3. From the Select Action list, select Assign Location. A new option window opens.

  4. Navigate to the Select Location list and choose the location that you want for your host. Select the checkbox Fix Location on Mismatch.

    Note

    A mismatch happens if there is a resource associated with a host, such as a domain or subnet, and at the same time not associated with the location you want to assign the host to. The option Fix Location on Mismatch will add such a resource to the location, and is therefore the recommended choice. The option Fail on Mismatch will always result in an error message. For example, reassigning a host from one location to another will fail, even if there is no actual mismatch in settings.

  5. Click Submit.

2.12. Removing a Host from Foreman

Use this procedure to remove a host from Foreman.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts or Hosts > Content Hosts. Note that there is no difference from what page you remove a host, from All hosts or Content Hosts. In both cases, Foreman removes a host completely.

  2. Select the hosts that you want to remove.

  3. From the Select Action list, select Delete Hosts.

  4. Click Submit to remove the host from Foreman permanently.

Warning

By default, the Destroy associated VM on host delete setting is set to no. If a host record that is associated with a virtual machine is deleted, the virtual machine will remain on the compute resource.

To delete a virtual machine on the compute resource, navigate to Administer > Settings and select the Provisioning tab. Setting Destroy associated VM on host delete to yes deletes the virtual machine if the host record that is associated with the virtual machine is deleted. To avoid deleting the virtual machine in this situation, disassociate the virtual machine from Foreman without removing it from the compute resource or change the setting.

2.12.1. Disassociating A Virtual Machine from Foreman without Removing It from a Hypervisor

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the checkbox to the left of the hosts to be disassociated.

  2. From the Select Action list, select the Disassociate Hosts button.

  3. Optional: Select the checkbox to keep the hosts for future action.

  4. Click Submit.

2.13. Creating Snapshots of a Managed Host

You can use the Foreman Snapshot Management plug-in to create snapshots of managed hosts.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select a host.

  2. On the Snapshots tab, click Create Snapshot.

  3. Enter a Name.

  4. Optional: Enter a Description.

  5. Select the Include RAM checkbox if you want to include the RAM in your snapshot.

  6. Click Submit to create a snapshot.

Caution

Keeping more than three snapshots per host slows down the creation and rollback process. Consider deleting older snapshots when creating new ones.

3. Registering Hosts and Setting Up Host Integration

You must register hosts that have not been provisioned through Foreman to be able to manage them with Foreman. You can register hosts through Foreman server or Smart Proxy server.

Note that the entitlement-based subscription model is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Foreman community recommends that you use the access-based subscription model of Simple Content Access instead.

You must also install and configure tools on your hosts, depending on which integration features you want to use. Use the following procedures to install and configure host tools:

3.1. Supported Clients in Registration

Foreman supports the following operating systems and architectures for registration.

Note

The following combinations have been tested. Global registration is a provisioning template for a shell script, which can be extended for additional systems.

If you decide to extend the template, please submit your changes to our repository. Thanks for your contribution!
Supported Host Operating Systems

The hosts can use the following operating systems:

  • Amazon Linux

  • Debian

  • Enterprise Linux 9, 8, 7

  • Fedora

  • OpenSUSE

  • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

  • Ubuntu

Supported Host Architectures

The hosts can use the following architectures:

  • x86_64/amd64

3.2. Registering Hosts by Using Global Registration

You can register a host to Foreman by generating a curl command on Foreman and running this command on hosts. This method uses two provisioning templates: Global Registration template and Linux host_init_config default template. That gives you complete control over the host registration process.

You can also customize the default templates if you need greater flexibility. For more information, see Customizing the Registration Templates.

Additional resources

3.2.1. Global Parameters for Registration

You can configure the following global parameters by navigating to Configure > Global Parameters:

  • The host_registration_insights parameter is used in the insights snippet. If the parameter is set to true, the registration installs and enables the Red Hat Insights client on the host. If the parameter is set to false, it prevents Foreman and the Red Hat Insights client from uploading Inventory reports to your Red Hat Hybrid Cloud Console. The default value is false. When overriding the parameter value, set the parameter type to boolean.

  • The host_packages parameter is for installing packages on the host.

  • The host_registration_remote_execution parameter is used in the remote_execution_ssh_keys snippet. If it is set to true, the registration enables remote execution on the host. The default value is true.

  • The remote_execution_ssh_keys, remote_execution_ssh_user, remote_execution_create_user, and remote_execution_effective_user_method parameters are used in the remote_execution_ssh_keys snippet. For more details, see the snippet.

You can navigate to snippets in the Foreman web UI through Hosts > Templates > Provisioning Templates.

3.2.2. Registering a Host

You can register a host by using registration templates and set up various integration features and host tools during the registration process.

Prerequisites

  • Your user account has a role assigned that has the create_hosts permission.

  • You must have root privileges on the host that you want to register.

  • If you want to use Smart Proxy servers instead of your Foreman server, ensure that you have configured your Smart Proxy servers accordingly. For more information, see Configuring Smart Proxy for Host Registration and Provisioning in Installing an External Smart Proxy Server 3.1.

  • If your Foreman server or Smart Proxy server is behind an HTTP proxy, configure the Subscription Manager on your host to use the HTTP proxy for connection.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Register Host.

  2. Optional: Select a different Organization.

  3. Optional: Select a different Location.

  4. Optional: From the Host Group list, select the host group to associate the hosts with. Fields that inherit value from Host group: Operating system, Activation Keys and Lifecycle environment.

  5. Optional: From the Operating system list, select the operating system of hosts that you want to register. Specifying an operating system is required when you register machines without subscription-manager, such as Debian or Ubuntu.

  6. Optional: From the Smart Proxy list, select the Smart Proxy to register hosts through.

  7. Optional: Select the Insecure option, if you want to make the first call insecure. During this first call, hosts download the CA file from Foreman. Hosts will use this CA file to connect to Foreman with all future calls making them secure.

    Foreman community recommends that you avoid insecure calls.

    If an attacker, located in the network between Foreman and a host, fetches the CA file from the first insecure call, the attacker will be able to access the content of the API calls to and from the registered host and the JSON Web Tokens (JWT). Therefore, if you have chosen to deploy SSH keys during registration, the attacker will be able to access the host using the SSH key.

    Instead, you can manually copy and install the CA file on each host before registering the host.

    To do this, find where Foreman stores the CA file by navigating to Administer > Settings > Authentication and locating the value of the SSL CA file setting.

    Copy the CA file to the /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/ directory on hosts and enter the following commands:

    # update-ca-trust enable
# update-ca-trust

    Then register the hosts with a secure curl command, such as:

    # curl -sS https://foreman.example.com/register ...

    The following is an example of the curl command with the --insecure option:

    # curl -sS --insecure https://foreman.example.com/register ...

  8. Select the Advanced tab.

  9. From the Setup REX list, select whether you want to deploy Foreman SSH keys to hosts or not.

    If set to Yes, public SSH keys will be installed on the registered host. The inherited value is based on the host_registration_remote_execution parameter. It can be inherited, for example from a host group, an operating system, or an organization. When overridden, the selected value will be stored on host parameter level.

  10. From the Setup Insights list, select whether you want to install insights-client and register the hosts to Insights.

    The Insights tool is available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux only. It has no effect on other operating systems.

    You must enable the following repositories on a registered machine:

    • RHEL 6: rhel-6-server-rpms

    • RHEL 7: rhel-7-server-rpms

    • RHEL 8: rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms

      The insights-client package is installed by default on RHEL 8 except in environments whereby RHEL 8 was deployed with "Minimal Install" option.

  11. Optional: In the Install packages field, list the packages (separated with spaces) that you want to install on the host upon registration. This can be set by the host_packages parameter.

  12. Optional: Select the Update packages option to update all packages on the host upon registration. This can be set by the host_update_packages parameter.

  13. Optional: In the Repository field, enter a repository to be added before the registration is performed. For example, it can be useful to make the subscription-manager package available for the purpose of the registration. For Red Hat family distributions, enter the URL of the repository, for example http://rpm.example.com/. For Debian OS families, enter the whole line of list file content, for example deb http://deb.example.com/ buster 1.0.

  14. Optional: In the Repository GPG key URL field, specify the public key to verify the signatures of GPG-signed packages. It needs to be specified in the ASCII form with the GPG public key header.

  15. Optional: In the Token lifetime (hours) field, change the validity duration of the JSON Web Token (JWT) that Foreman uses for authentication. The duration of this token defines how long the generated curl command works. You can set the duration to 0 – 999 999 hours or unlimited.

    Note that Foreman applies the permissions of the user who generates the curl command to authorization of hosts. If the user loses or gains additional permissions, the permissions of the JWT change too. Therefore, do not delete, block, or change permissions of the user during the token duration.

    The scope of the JWTs is limited to the registration endpoints only and cannot be used anywhere else.

  16. Optional: In the Remote Execution Interface field, enter the identifier of a network interface that hosts must use for the SSH connection. If you keep this field blank, Foreman uses the default network interface.

  17. Optional: This step is for the Katello users only. If you register RHEL or CentOS hosts, in the Activation Keys field, enter one or more activation keys to assign to registered hosts.

  18. Click the Generate button.

  19. Copy the generated curl command.

  20. On the host that you want to register, run the curl command as root.

3.2.3. Customizing the Registration Templates

You can customize the registration process by editing the provisioning templates. Note that all default templates in Foreman are locked. If you want to customize the registration templates, you must clone the default templates and edit the clones.

Note

Foreman community only provides support for the original unedited templates. Customized templates do not receive updates released by Foreman community.

The registration process uses the following provisioning templates:

  • The Global Registration template contains steps for registering hosts to Foreman. This template renders when hosts access the /register Foreman API endpoint.

  • The Linux host_init_config default template contains steps for initial configuration of hosts after they are registered.

Procedure

  1. Navigate to Hosts > Templates > Provisioning Templates.

  2. Search for the template you want to edit.

  3. In the row of the required template, click Clone.

  4. Edit the template as needed. For more information, see Template Writing Reference.

  5. Click Submit.

  6. Navigate to Administer > Settings > Provisioning.

  7. Change the following settings as needed:

    • Point the Default Global registration template setting to your custom global registration template,

    • Point the Default 'Host initial configuration' template setting to your custom initial configuration template.

3.3. Installing the Katello Agent

You can install the Katello agent to remotely update Foreman clients.

Note

The Katello agent is deprecated and will be removed in a future Foreman version. Migrate your processes to use the remote execution feature to update clients remotely. For more information, see Migrating Hosts from Katello Agent to Remote Execution in Managing Hosts.

The katello-agent package depends on the gofer package that provides the goferd service.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Install the katello-agent package:

    # yum install katello-agent

  2. Start the goferd service:

    # systemctl start goferd

3.4. Installing Tracer

Use this procedure to install Tracer on Foreman and access Traces. Tracer displays a list of services and applications that are outdated and need to be restarted. Traces is the output generated by Tracer in the Foreman web UI.

Prerequisites

  • The host must be registered to Foreman.

  • The Foreman community https://yum.theforeman.org/client/3.1/ repository must be enabled and synchronized on Foreman server, and enabled on the host.

Procedure

  1. On the content host, install the katello-host-tools-tracer RPM package:

    # yum install katello-host-tools-tracer

  2. Enter the following command:

    # katello-tracer-upload

  3. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts, then click the required host name.

  4. Click the Traces tab to view Traces. If it is not installed, an Enable Traces button initiates a remote execution job that installs the package.

3.5. Installing and Configuring Puppet Agent on a Host Manually

Install and configure the Puppet agent on a host manually.

Prerequisites

  • The host must have a Puppet environment assigned to it.

  • Ensure a repository containing the Puppet agent is enabled on the host, for example apt.puppet.com or yum.puppet.com.

Procedure

  1. Log in to the host as the root user.

  2. Install the Puppet agent package.

    • On hosts running Enterprise Linux 8 and above:

      # dnf install puppet-agent

    • On hosts running Enterprise Linux 7 and below:

      # yum install puppet-agent

    • On hosts running Debian:

      # apt-get install puppet-agent

    • On hosts running SUSE Linux Enterprise Server:

      # zypper install puppet-agent

  3. Add the Puppet agent to PATH in your current shell using the following script:

    . /etc/profile.d/puppet-agent.sh

  4. Configure the Puppet agent. Set the environment parameter to the name of the Puppet environment to which the host belongs:

    # puppet config set server foreman.example.com --section agent
# puppet config set environment My_Puppet_Environment --section agent

  5. Start the Puppet agent service:

    # puppet resource service puppet ensure=running enable=true

  6. Create a certificate for the host:

    # puppet ssl bootstrap

  7. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Smart Proxies.

  8. From the list in the Actions column for the required Smart Proxy server, select Certificates.

  9. Click Sign to the right of the required host to sign the SSL certificate for the Puppet agent.

  10. On the host, run the Puppet agent again:

    # puppet ssl bootstrap
Additional Resources

4. Migrating Hosts From Katello Agent to Remote Execution

Remote Execution is the preferred way to manage package content on hosts. The Katello Agent is deprecated and will be removed in a future Foreman version. Follow these steps to switch to Remote Execution.

Prerequisites

  • You have previously installed the katello-agent package on content hosts.

Procedure

  1. Stop the goferd service on content hosts:

    # systemctl stop goferd.service

  2. Disable the goferd service on content hosts:

    # systemctl disable goferd.service

  3. Remove the Katello agent on content hosts:

    Warning
    		 If your host is installed on oVirt version 4.4 or lower, do not remove the katello-agent package because the removed dependencies corrupt the host. 
    # yum remove katello-agent

  4. Distribute the remote execution SSH keys to the content hosts. For more information, see Distributing SSH Keys for Remote Execution.

  5. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings.

  6. Select the Content tab.

  7. Set the Use remote execution by default parameter to Yes.

The Foreman server now uses host management by remote execution instead of katello-agent.

The following table shows the remote execution equivalent commands to perform specific package actions. See hammer job-invocation create --help to learn how to specify search queries to determine the target hosts or host collections.

Table 1. Hammer Commands
Action Katello Agent Remote Execution

Install a package

hammer host package install

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_install

Install a package (host collection)

hammer host-collection package install

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_install

Remove a package

hammer host package remove

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_remove

Remove a package (host collection)

hammer host-collection package remove

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_remove

Update a package

hammer host package upgrade

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_update

Update a package (host collection)

hammer host-collection package update

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_update

Update all packages

hammer host package update

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_package_update

Install errata

hammer host errata apply

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_errata_install

Install errata (host collection)

hammer host-collection errata install

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_errata_install

Install a package group

hammer host package-group install

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_install

Install a package group (host collection)

hammer host-collection package-group install

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_install

Remove a package group

hammer host package-group remove

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_remove

Remove a package group (host collection)

hammer host-collection package-group remove

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_remove

Update a package group

hammer host package-group update

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_update

Update a package group (host collection)

hammer host-collection package-group update

hammer job-invocation create --feature katello_group_update

5. Adding Network Interfaces

Foreman supports specifying multiple network interfaces for a single host. You can configure these interfaces when creating a new host as described in Creating a Host in Foreman or when editing an existing host.

There are several types of network interfaces that you can attach to a host. When adding a new interface, select one of:

  • Interface: Allows you to specify an additional physical or virtual interface. There are two types of virtual interfaces you can create. Use VLAN when the host needs to communicate with several (virtual) networks using a single interface, while these networks are not accessible to each other. Use alias to add an additional IP address to an existing interface.

    For more information about adding a physical interface, see Adding a Physical Interface.

    For more information about adding a virtual interface, see Adding a Virtual Interface.

  • Bond: Creates a bonded interface. NIC bonding is a way to bind multiple network interfaces together into a single interface that appears as a single device and has a single MAC address. This enables two or more network interfaces to act as one, increasing the bandwidth and providing redundancy. For more information, see Adding a Bonded Interface.

  • BMC: Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) allows you to remotely monitor and manage the physical state of machines. For more information about BMC, see Enabling Power Management on Managed Hosts in Installing Foreman 3.1 Server with Katello 4.3 Plugin on RHEL/CentOS. For more information about configuring BMC interfaces, see Adding a Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) Interface.

Note

Additional interfaces have the Managed flag enabled by default, which means the new interface is configured automatically during provisioning by the DNS and DHCP Smart Proxy servers associated with the selected subnet. This requires a subnet with correctly configured DNS and DHCP Smart Proxy servers. If you use a Kickstart method for host provisioning, configuration files are automatically created for managed interfaces in the post-installation phase at /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface_id.
Note

Virtual and bonded interfaces currently require a MAC address of a physical device. Therefore, the configuration of these interfaces works only on bare-metal hosts.

5.1. Adding a Physical Interface

Use this procedure to add an additional physical interface to a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Click Edit next to the host you want to edit.

  3. On the Interfaces tab, click Add Interface.

  4. Keep the Interface option selected in the Type list.

  5. Specify a MAC address. This setting is required.

  6. Specify the Device Identifier, for example eth0. The identifier is used to specify this physical interface when creating bonded interfaces, VLANs, and aliases.

  7. Specify the DNS name associated with the host’s IP address. Foreman saves this name in Smart Proxy server associated with the selected domain (the "DNS A" field) and Smart Proxy server associated with the selected subnet (the "DNS PTR" field). A single host can therefore have several DNS entries.

  8. Select a domain from the Domain list. To create and manage domains, navigate to Infrastructure > Domains.

  9. Select a subnet from the Subnet list. To create and manage subnets, navigate to Infrastructure > Subnets.

  10. Specify the IP address. Managed interfaces with an assigned DHCP Smart Proxy server require this setting for creating a DHCP lease. DHCP-enabled managed interfaces are automatically provided with a suggested IP address.

  11. Select whether the interface is Managed. If the interface is managed, configuration is pulled from the associated Smart Proxy server during provisioning, and DNS and DHCP entries are created. If using kickstart provisioning, a configuration file is automatically created for the interface.

  12. Select whether this is the Primary interface for the host. The DNS name from the primary interface is used as the host portion of the FQDN.

  13. Select whether this is the Provision interface for the host. TFTP boot takes place using the provisioning interface. For image-based provisioning, the script to complete the provisioning is executed through the provisioning interface.

  14. Select whether to use the interface for Remote execution.

  15. Leave the Virtual NIC checkbox clear.

  16. Click OK to save the interface configuration.

  17. Click Submit to apply the changes to the host.

5.2. Adding a Virtual Interface

Use this procedure to configure a virtual interface for a host. This can be either a VLAN or an alias interface.

An alias interface is an additional IP address attached to an existing interface. An alias interface automatically inherits a MAC address from the interface it is attached to; therefore, you can create an alias without specifying a MAC address. The interface must be specified in a subnet with boot mode set to static.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Click Edit next to the host you want to edit.

  3. On the Interfaces tab, click Add Interface.

  4. Keep the Interface option selected in the Type list.

  5. Specify the general interface settings. The applicable configuration options are the same as for the physical interfaces described in Adding a Physical Interface.

    Specify a MAC address for managed virtual interfaces so that the configuration files for provisioning are generated correctly. However, a MAC address is not required for virtual interfaces that are not managed.

    If creating a VLAN, specify ID in the form of eth1.10 in the Device Identifier field. If creating an alias, use ID in the form of eth1:10.

  6. Select the Virtual NIC checkbox. Additional configuration options specific to virtual interfaces are appended to the form:

    • Tag: Optionally set a VLAN tag to trunk a network segment from the physical network through to the virtual interface. If you do not specify a tag, managed interfaces inherit the VLAN tag of the associated subnet. User-specified entries from this field are not applied to alias interfaces.

    • Attached to: Specify the identifier of the physical interface to which the virtual interface belongs, for example eth1. This setting is required.

  7. Click OK to save the interface configuration.

  8. Click Submit to apply the changes to the host.

5.3. Adding a Bonded Interface

Use this procedure to configure a bonded interface for a host. To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  2. Click Edit next to the host you want to edit.

  3. On the Interfaces tab, click Add Interface.

  4. Select Bond from the Type list. Additional type-specific configuration options are appended to the form.

  5. Specify the general interface settings. The applicable configuration options are the same as for the physical interfaces described in Adding a Physical Interface.

    Bonded interfaces use IDs in the form of bond0 in the Device Identifier field.

    A single MAC address is sufficient.

  6. Specify the configuration options specific to bonded interfaces:

    • Mode: Select the bonding mode that defines a policy for fault tolerance and load balancing. See Bonding Modes Available in Foreman for a brief description of each bonding mode.

    • Attached devices: Specify a comma-separated list of identifiers of attached devices. These can be physical interfaces or VLANs.

    • Bond options: Specify a space-separated list of configuration options, for example miimon=100. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Networking Guide for details of the configuration options you can specify for the bonded interface.

  7. Click OK to save the interface configuration.

  8. Click Submit to apply the changes to the host.

CLI procedure

  • To create a host with a bonded interface, enter the following command:

    # hammer host create --name bonded_interface \
--hostgroup-id 1 \
--ip=192.168.100.123 \
--mac=52:54:00:14:92:2a \
--subnet-id=1 \
--managed true \
   --interface="identifier=eth1, \
               mac=52:54:00:62:43:06, \
               managed=true, \
               type=Nic::Managed, \
               domain_id=1, \
               subnet_id=1" \
   --interface="identifier=eth2, \
               mac=52:54:00:d3:87:8f, \
               managed=true, \
               type=Nic::Managed, \
               domain_id=1, \
               subnet_id=1" \
   --interface="identifier=bond0, \
               ip=172.25.18.123, \
               type=Nic::Bond, \
               mode=active-backup, \
               attached_devices=[eth1,eth2], \
               managed=true, \
               domain_id=1, \
               subnet_id=1" \
--organization "My_Organization" \
--location "My_Location" \
--ask-root-password yes

5.4. Bonding Modes Available in Foreman

Bonding Mode Description

balance-rr

Transmissions are received and sent sequentially on each bonded interface.

active-backup

Transmissions are received and sent through the first available bonded interface. Another bonded interface is only used if the active bonded interface fails.

balance-xor

Transmissions are based on the selected hash policy. In this mode, traffic destined for specific peers is always sent over the same interface.

broadcast

All transmissions are sent on all bonded interfaces.

802.a3

Creates aggregation groups that share the same settings. Transmits and receives on all interfaces in the active group.

balance-tlb

The outgoing traffic is distributed according to the current load on each bonded interface.

balance-alb

Receive load balancing is achieved through Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) negotiation.

5.5. Adding a Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) Interface

Use this procedure to configure a baseboard management controller (BMC) interface for a host that supports this feature.

Prerequisites

  • The ipmitool package is installed.

  • You know the MAC address, IP address, and other details of the BMC interface on the host, and the appropriate credentials for that interface.

    Note

    You only need the MAC address for the BMC interface if the BMC interface is managed, so that it can create a DHCP reservation.
Procedure

  1. Enable BMC on the Smart Proxy server if it is not already enabled:

    1. Configure BMC power management on Smart Proxy server by running the foreman-installer script with the following options:

      # foreman-installer --foreman-proxy-bmc=true \
--foreman-proxy-bmc-default-provider=ipmitool

    2. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Smart Proxies.

    3. From the list in the Actions column, click Refresh. The list in the Features column should now include BMC.

  2. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts.

  3. Click Edit next to the host you want to edit.

  4. On the Interfaces tab, click Add Interface.

  5. Select BMC from the Type list. Type-specific configuration options are appended to the form.

  6. Specify the general interface settings. The applicable configuration options are the same as for the physical interfaces described in Adding a Physical Interface.

  7. Specify the configuration options specific to BMC interfaces:

    • Username and Password: Specify any authentication credentials required by BMC.

    • Provider: Specify the BMC provider.

  8. Click OK to save the interface configuration.

  9. Click Submit to apply the changes to the host.

6. Upgrading Hosts to Next Major Red Hat Enterprise Linux Release

You can use a job template to upgrade your Red Hat Enterprise Linux hosts to the next major release. Below upgrade paths are possible:

  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. On Foreman, enable the Leapp plugin:

    # foreman-installer --enable-foreman-plugin-leapp

  2. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  3. Select the hosts that you want to upgrade to the next major Red Hat Enterprise Linux version.

  4. In the upper right of the Hosts window, from the Select Action list, select Preupgrade check with Leapp.

  5. Click Submit to start the pre-upgrade check.

  6. When the check is finished, click the Leapp preupgrade report tab to see if Leapp has found any issues on your hosts. Issues that have the Inhibitor flag are considered crucial and are likely to break the upgrade procedure. Issues that have the Has Remediation flag contain remediation that can help you fix the issue.

    1. Click an issue that is flagged as Has Remediation to expand it.

      • If the issue contains a remediation Command, you can fix it directly from Foreman using remote execution. Select the issue.

      • If the issue contains only a remediation Hint, use the hint to fix the issue on the host manually.

      Repeat this step for other issues.

    2. After you selected any issues with remediation commands, click Fix Selected and submit the job.

    3. After the issues are fixed, click the Rerun button, and then click Submit to run the pre-upgrade check again to verify that the hosts you are upgrading do not have any issues and are ready to be upgraded.

  7. If the pre-upgrade check verifies that the hosts do not have any issues, click the Run Upgrade button and click Submit to start the upgrade.

7. Converting a Host to Red Hat Enterprise Linux

You can convert Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivative distributions into a supportable Red Hat Enterprise Linux on a host while retaining installed applications and configurations. Foreman provides the Convert2RHEL utility to simplify the conversion process.

The Convert2RHEL utility in Foreman consists of an Ansible role and Ansible playbook. You use the Ansible role to generate conversion data on Foreman server, which includes enabling required repositories and creating products, activation keys, and host groups. Then you perform the actual conversion on the host using the Ansible playbook, which installs the Convert2RHEL CLI tool on the host and runs it.

You can use the Ansible role to generate conversion data for the following conversions:

  • CentOS Linux 7 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

  • Oracle Linux 7 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7

  • CentOS Linux 8 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

  • Oracle Linux 8 to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8

These conversions are supported by Red Hat. You can use the Ansible playbook for other conversions as well, but in those cases you must enable required repositories and configure activation keys manually instead of using the Ansible role and variables. However, this approach was not tested and is not supported.

The conversion process is similar to a minor release upgrade of Red Hat Enterprise Linux in which every RPM package on the system is replaced. Third-party packages and non-Red Hat packages that are not available in Red Hat Enterprise Linux are retained.

The Convert2RHEL utility removes unnecessary packages such as logos or packages known to cause issues during the conversion. The utility replaces the CentOS-release or Oracle-release package with the rhel-release package, and all packages signed by CentOS or Oracle with their Red Hat equivalents. The utility also subscribes the host to Foreman community Subscription Management.

The duration of the conversion process depends on the number of packages that have to be replaced, network speed, storage speed, and similar factors.

Prerequisites

  • Review Supported conversion paths in Converting from an RPM-based Linux distribution to RHEL.

  • You must have completed the steps 1. – 5. of the procedure Preparing for a RHEL conversion in Converting from an RPM-based Linux distribution to RHEL.

  • Ensure you have a subscription manifest uploaded to your Foreman and that there are sufficient Red Hat Enterprise Linux entitlements allocated for the conversions you intend. Alternatively, you can use Ansible variables to tell the role to import the manifest from disk. The manifest must be imported to the organization to which you will register hosts for conversion.

    You can update your allocations and download the updated manifest from the Red Hat Customer Portal. For more information, see Using manifests in Red Hat Subscription Management.

  • Ensure that you have enabled Red Hat repositories in Foreman for the minor Red Hat Enterprise Linux version to which you convert your hosts.

High-Level Conversion Steps

  1. Import the theforeman.foreman.convert2rhel Ansible role and variables. For more information, see Importing Ansible Roles and Variables in Configuring Foreman to use Ansible.

  2. Configure Ansible variables for generation of conversion data. For more information, see Ansible Variables for Conversion.

  3. Assign the theforeman.foreman.convert2rhel role to the host that represents Foreman server. For more information, see Assigning Ansible Roles to an Existing Host in Configuring Foreman to use Ansible.

  4. Run the Ansible role on Foreman server. For more information, see Running Ansible Roles on a Host in Configuring Foreman to use Ansible.

    The Ansible role generates data required for host conversion, that is, repositories, certificates, activation keys, and host groups. The role enables the rhel-7-server-rpms repository with the 7Server release and x86_64 architecture, or rhel-8-for-x86_64-baseos-rpms and rhel-8-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms, or both, depending on which variables you have set in the previous steps.

  5. Register a host for conversion using a generated host group.

    Use the global registration template to register and subscribe your host before the conversion. Select the host group that was generated for the conversion you intend, such as CentOS 8 converting if you convert the host from CentOS 8. For more information, see Registering Hosts by Using Global Registration.

  6. Run the Convert2RHEL playbook on the host. Execute a remote job with the following settings:

    • Job category: Convert 2 RHEL

    • Job template: Convert to RHEL

    • Activation key: convert2rhel_rhel7 or convert2rhel_rhel8

    For more information, see Executing a Remote Job.

Additional resources

7.1. Ansible Variables for Conversion

Before you run the Ansible role to generate conversion data, configure values of the following required Ansible variables.

Foreman imports most of the required Ansible variables from the theforeman.foreman.convert2rhel role. However, some variables are not imported. These variables are marked with an asterisk * in the tables below. You must create those additional variables manually and assign them to the theforeman.foreman.convert2rhel role.

Table 2. Required variables for conversion
Name Type Intent and value

foreman_server_url *

string

URL of your Foreman server, such as https://foreman.example.com

foreman_username *

string

Your user name

foreman_password *

string

Your password

foreman_organization *

string

Name of your organization

foreman_content_rhel_wait_for_syncs *

boolean

Set to false if you do not want Foreman server to wait until repository sync finishes before continuing with data generation. (default: true)

foreman_validate_certs *

boolean

Set to true if you want to enable certificate checks in Ansible. (default: true)

foreman_convert2rhel_manage_subscription

boolean

Set to false if you already have a manifest on your Foreman server. If you upload a new manifest from disk, the current manifest will be overwritten. (default: true)

foreman_content_rhel_enable_rhel7 *

boolean

Enables Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 repositories. Set to false if you do not intend to convert hosts to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. (default: true)

foreman_convert2rhel_enable_oracle7

boolean

Set to true if you want to prepare conversion data for Oracle Linux 7. Otherwise, you must set the value to false.

foreman_content_rhel_enable_rhel8 *

boolean

Enables Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 repositories. Set to false if you do not intend to convert hosts to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. (default: true)

foreman_convert2rhel_enable_oracle8

boolean

Set to true if you want to prepare conversion data for Oracle Linux 8. Otherwise, you must set the value to false.
Table 3. Optional variables for conversion
Name Type Intent and value

foreman_manifest_path *

string

Path to a manifest to upload from disk, such as ~/manifest.zip. You must set this path if you upload a new manifest from disk using foreman_convert2rhel_manage_subscription.

foreman_content_rhel_rhel8_releasever *

string

Minor release version, such as 8.5. Set this variable if the minor release version of your system differs from the latest Red Hat Enterprise Linux release to prevent conversion issues. (default: latest)

8. Host Management and Monitoring Using Cockpit

Cockpit is an interactive web interface that you can use to perform actions and monitor Enterprise Linux hosts. You can enable a remote-execution feature to integrate Foreman with Cockpit. When you install Cockpit on a host that you manage with Foreman, you can view the Cockpit dashboards of that host from within the Foreman web UI. You can also use the features that are integrated with Cockpit, for example, Lorax Composer.

8.1. Enabling Cockpit on Foreman

By default, Cockpit integration is disabled in Foreman. If you want to access Cockpit features for your hosts from within Foreman, you must first enable Cockpit integration on Foreman server.

Procedure

  • On Foreman server, run foreman-installer with the --enable-foreman-plugin-remote-execution-cockpit option:

    # foreman-installer --enable-foreman-plugin-remote-execution-cockpit

8.2. Managing and Monitoring Hosts Using Cockpit

You can access the Cockpit web UI through the Foreman web UI and use the functionality to manage and monitor hosts in Foreman.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the host that you want to manage and monitor with Cockpit.

  2. In the upper right of the host window, click Web Console.

You can now access the full range of features available for host monitoring and management, for example, Lorax Composer, through the Cockpit.

8.3. Disabling Cockpit on Foreman

Perform the following procedure if you want to disable Cockpit on Foreman.

Procedure

  1. Run this foreman-installer command:

    foreman-installer --no-enable-foreman-plugin-remote-execution-cockpit

  2. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings and click the Remote execution tab.

  3. In the Cockpit URL row, erase the setting under Value and click Submit. This removes the Web Console button from the Foreman web UI.

  4. Uninstall the Cockpit package from Foreman:

    yum remove rubygem-foreman_remote_execution-cockpit

9. Using Report Templates to Monitor Hosts

You can use report templates to query Foreman data to obtain information about, for example, host status, registered hosts, applicable errata, applied errata, subscription details, and user activity. You can use the report templates that ship with Foreman or write your own custom report templates to suit your requirements. The reporting engine uses the embedded Ruby (ERB) syntax. For more information about writing templates and ERB syntax, see Template Writing Reference.

You can create a template, or clone a template and edit the clone. For help with the template syntax, click a template and click the Help tab.

9.1. Generating Host Monitoring Reports

To view the report templates in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates. To schedule reports, configure a cron job or use the Foreman web UI.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates.

  2. To the right of the report template that you want to use, click Generate.

  3. Optional: To schedule a report, to the right of the Generate at field, click the icon to select the date and time you want to generate the report at.

  4. Optional: To send a report to an e-mail address, select the Send report via e-mail checkbox, and in the Deliver to e-mail addresses field, enter the required e-mail address.

  5. Optional: Apply search query filters. To view all available results, do not populate the filter field with any values.

  6. Click Submit. A CSV file that contains the report is downloaded. If you have selected the Send report via e-mail checkbox, the host monitoring report is sent to your e-mail address.

CLI procedure

  1. List all available report templates:

    # hammer report-template list

  2. Generate a report:

    # hammer report-template generate --id My_Template_ID

    This command waits until the report fully generates before completing. If you want to generate the report as a background task, you can use the hammer report-template schedule command.

    Note

    If you want to generate a subscription entitlement report, you have to use the Days from Now option to specify the latest expiration time of entitlement subscriptions. You can use the no limit value to show all entitlements.

    Show all entitlements
    # hammer report-template generate \
--inputs "Days from Now=no limit" \
--name "Subscription - Entitlement Report"
    Show all entitlements that are going to expire within 60 days
    # hammer report-template generate \
--inputs "Days from Now=60" \
--name "Subscription - Entitlement Report"

9.2. Creating a Report Template

In Foreman, you can create a report template and customize the template to suit your requirements. You can import existing report templates and further customize them with snippets and template macros.

Report templates use Embedded Ruby (ERB) syntax. To view information about working with ERB syntax and macros, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates, and click Create Template, and then click the Help tab.

When you create a report template in Foreman, safe mode is enabled by default.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates, and click Create Template.

  2. In the Name field, enter a unique name for your report template.

  3. If you want the template to be available to all locations and organizations, select Default.

  4. Create the template directly in the template editor or import a template from a text file by clicking Import. For more information about importing templates, see Importing Report Templates.

  5. Optional: In the Audit Comment field, you can add any useful information about this template.

  6. Click the Input tab, and in the Name field, enter a name for the input that you can reference in the template in the following format: input('name'). Note that you must save the template before you can reference this input value in the template body.

  7. Select whether the input value is mandatory. If the input value is mandatory, select the Required checkbox.

  8. From the Value Type list, select the type of input value that the user must input.

  9. Optional: If you want to use facts for template input, select the Advanced checkbox.

  10. Optional: In the Options field, define the options that the user can select from. If this field remains undefined, the users receive a free-text field in which they can enter the value they want.

  11. Optional: In the Default field, enter a value, for example, a host name, that you want to set as the default template input.

  12. Optional: In the Description field, you can enter information that you want to display as inline help about the input when you generate the report.

  13. Optional: Click the Type tab, and select whether this template is a snippet to be included in other templates.

  14. Click the Location tab and add the locations where you want to use the template.

  15. Click the Organizations tab and add the organizations where you want to use the template.

  16. Click Submit to save your changes.

Additional resources

9.3. Exporting Report Templates

You can export report templates that you create in Foreman.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates.

  2. Locate the template that you want to export, and from the list in the Actions column, select Export.

  3. Repeat this action for every report template that you want to download.

An .erb file that contains the template downloads.

CLI procedure

  1. To view the report templates available for export, enter the following command:

    # hammer report-template list

    Note the template ID of the template that you want to export in the output of this command.

  2. To export a report template, enter the following command:

    # hammer report-template dump --id My_Template_ID > example_export.erb

9.4. Exporting Report Templates Using the Foreman API

You can use the Foreman report_templates API to export report templates from Foreman.

Procedure

  1. Use the following request to retrieve a list of available report templates:

    Example request:
    $ curl --insecure --user admin:redhat \
--request GET \
--config https://foreman.example.com/api/report_templates \
| json_reformat

    In this example, the json_reformat tool is used to format the JSON output.

    Example response:
    {
    "total": 6,
    "subtotal": 6,
    "page": 1,
    "per_page": 20,
    "search": null,
    "sort": {
        "by": null,
        "order": null
    },
    "results": [
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "name": "Applicable errata",
            "id": 112
        },
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "name": "Applied Errata",
            "id": 113
        },
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-30 16:15:24 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-30 16:15:24 UTC",
            "name": "Hosts - complete list",
            "id": 158
        },
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "name": "Host statuses",
            "id": 114
        },
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "name": "Registered hosts",
            "id": 115
        },
        {
            "created_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "updated_at": "2019-11-20 17:49:52 UTC",
            "name": "Subscriptions",
            "id": 116
        }
    ]
}

  2. Note the id of the template that you want to export, and use the following request to export the template:

    Example request:
    $ curl --insecure --output /tmp/_Example_Export_Template.erb_ \
--user admin:password --request GET --config \
https://foreman.example.com/api/report_templates/My_Template_ID/export

    Note that 158 is an example ID of the template to export.

    In this example, the exported template is redirected to host_complete_list.erb.

9.5. Importing Report Templates

You can import a report template into the body of a new template that you want to create. Note that using the Foreman web UI, you can only import templates individually. For bulk actions, use the Foreman API. For more information, see Importing Report Templates Using the Foreman API.

Prerequisite

  • You must have exported templates from Foreman to import them to use in new templates. For more information see Exporting Report Templates.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates.

  2. In the upper right of the Report Templates window, click Create Template.

  3. On the upper right of the Editor tab, click the folder icon, and select the .erb file that you want to import.

  4. Edit the template to suit your requirements.

  5. Click Submit.

For more information about customizing your new template, see Template Writing Reference.

9.6. Importing Report Templates Using the Foreman API

You can use the Foreman API to import report templates into Foreman. Importing report templates using the Foreman API automatically parses the report template metadata and assigns organizations and locations.

Prerequisites
Procedure

  1. Use the following example to format the template that you want to import to a .json file:

    # cat Example_Template.json
{
    "name": "Example Template Name",
    "template": "
    Enter ERB Code Here
"
}
    Example JSON File with ERB Template:
    {
    "name": "Hosts - complete list",
    "template": "
<%#
name: Hosts - complete list
snippet: false
template_inputs:
- name: host
  required: false
  input_type: user
  advanced: false
  value_type: plain
  resource_type: Katello::ActivationKey
model: ReportTemplate
-%>
<% load_hosts(search: input('host')).each_record do |host| -%>
<%
      report_row(
          'Server FQND': host.name
      )
-%>
<%  end -%>
<%= report_render %>
"
}

  2. Use the following request to import the template:

    $ curl --insecure --user admin:redhat \
--data @Example_Template.json --header "Content-Type:application/json" \
--request POST --config https://foreman.example.com/api/report_templates/import

  3. Use the following request to retrieve a list of report templates and validate that you can view the template in Foreman:

    $ curl --insecure --user admin:redhat \
 --request GET --config https://foreman.example.com/api/report_templates | json_reformat

9.7. Report Template Safe Mode

When you create report templates in Foreman, safe mode is enabled by default. Safe mode limits the macros and variables that you can use in the report template. Safe mode prevents rendering problems and enforces best practices in report templates. The list of supported macros and variables is available in the Foreman web UI.

To view the macros and variables that are available, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates and click Create Template. In the Create Template window, click the Help tab and expand Safe mode methods.

While safe mode is enabled, if you try to use a macro or variable that is not listed in Safe mode methods, the template editor displays an error message.

To view the status of safe mode in Foreman, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings and click the Provisioning tab. Locate the Safemode rendering row to check the value.

10. Configuring Host Collections

This is for users of the Katello plug-in and hosts running RPM-based linux distributions. Hosts collections work via the Pulp back end.

A host collection is a group of content hosts. This feature enables you to perform the same action on multiple hosts at once. These actions can include the installation, removal, and update of packages and errata, change of assigned life cycle environment, and change of Content View. You can create host collections to suit your requirements, and those of your company. For example, group hosts in host collections by function, department, or business unit.

10.1. Creating a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to create host collections.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Click New Host Collection.

  3. Add the Name of the host collection.

  4. Clear Unlimited Content Hosts, and enter the desired maximum number of hosts in the Limit field.

  5. Add the Description of the host collection.

  6. Click Save.

CLI procedure

  • To create a host collection, enter the following command:

    # hammer host-collection create \
--name "My_Host_Collection" \
--organization "My_Organization"

10.2. Cloning a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to clone a host collection.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. On the left hand panel, click the host collection you want to clone.

  3. Click Copy Collection.

  4. Specify a name for the cloned collection.

  5. Click Create.

10.3. Removing a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to remove a host collection.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Choose the host collection to be removed.

  3. Click Remove. An alert box appears:

    Are you sure you want to remove host collection Host Collection Name?

  4. Click Remove.

10.4. Adding a Host to a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to add hosts to host collections.

Prerequisites

A host must be registered to Foreman to add it to a Host Collection.

Note that if you add a host to a host collection, the Foreman auditing system does not log the change.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Select the host collection where the host should be added.

  3. On the Hosts tab, select the Add subtab.

  4. Select the hosts to be added from the table and click Add Selected.

CLI procedure

  • To add multiple hosts to a host collection, enter the following command:

    # hammer host-collection add-host \
--host-ids My_Host_ID_1,My_Host_ID_2 \
--id My_Host_Collection_ID

10.5. Removing a Host From a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to remove hosts from host collections.

Note that if you remove a host from a host collection, the host collection record in the database is not modified so the Foreman auditing system does not log the change.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Choose the desired host collection.

  3. On the Hosts tab, select the List/Remove subtab.

  4. Select the hosts you want to remove from the host collection and click Remove Selected.

10.6. Adding Content to a Host Collection

These steps show how to add content to host collections in Foreman.

10.6.1. Adding Packages to a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to add packages to host collections.

Prerequisites

  • The content to be added should be available in one of the existing repositories or added prior to this procedure.

  • Content should be promoted to the environment where the hosts are assigned.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Select the host collection where the package should be added.

  3. On the Collection Actions tab, click Package Installation, Removal, and Update.

  4. To update all packages, click the Update All Packages button to use the default method. Alternatively, select the drop-down icon to the right of the button to select a method to use. Selecting the via remote execution - customize first menu entry will take you to the Job invocation page where you can customize the action.

  5. Select the Package or Package Group radio button as required.

  6. In the field provided, specify the package or package group name. Then click:

    • Install – to install a new package using the default method. Alternatively, select the drop-down icon to the right of the button and select a method to use. Selecting the via remote execution - customize first menu entry will take you to the Job invocation page where you can customize the action.

    • Update – to update an existing package in the host collection using the default method. Alternatively, select the drop-down icon to the right of the button and select a method to use. Selecting the via remote execution - customize first menu entry will take you to the Job invocation page where you can customize the action.

10.6.2. Viewing installed packages

Use the following procedure to view the installed packages of a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the name of the host.

  2. On the Content tab, Packages displays a list of installed packages.

  3. To see details of a package, select that package.

    • The Details tab displays details of the selected package.

    • The Files tab lists the files contained in the package.

    • The Dependencies tab lists the dependencies of the package.

    • The Repositories tab lists the repositories that contain the selected package.

  4. You can filter these by Library or Default organization.

10.6.3. Upgrading a Package

Use the following procedure to view the installed packages of a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the name of the host that contains the package you want to upgrade.

  2. On the Content tab, select Packages.

  3. The Status column displays whether the package is upgradable or Up to date. You cannot update an up-to-date package.

  4. From the list of packages, choose the package you want to upgrade and click the vertical ellipsis icon at the end of the line.

  5. Choose the Apply via Remote Execution to use Remote Execution, or Apply via customized remote execution if you want to customize the remote execution, for example, to set a time when it should be applied.

  6. Click Submit to upgrade the package.

10.6.4. Removing a Package From a Host

Use the following procedure to remove an installed package from a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the host containing the package you want to remove.

  2. On the Content tab, select Packages.

  3. Click the vertical ellipsis icon at the end of the line for the package you want to remove, and choose the Remove option.

  4. Click Submit.

10.6.5. Adding Errata to a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to add errata to host collections.

Prerequisites

  • The errata to be added should be available in one of the existing repositories or added prior to this procedure.

  • Errata should be promoted to the environment where the hosts are assigned.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Select the host collection where the errata should be added.

  3. On the Collection Actions tab, click Errata Installation.

  4. Select the errata you want to add to the host collection and click the Install Selected button to use the default method. Alternatively, select the drop-down icon to the right of the button to select a method to use. Selecting the via remote execution - customize first menu entry takes you to the Job invocation page where you can customize the action.

10.6.6. Adding Errata to a Single Host

Use the following procedure to add errata to a host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the host you want to add errata to.

  2. Click the Content button and select the Errata tab.

  3. Select the errata you want to add to the host, or select the checkbox at the top of the list to add all installable errata. Click the checkbox next to any errata you wish to remove from a full list.

  4. Using the vertical ellipsis icon next to the errata you want to add to the host, select Apply via Remote Execution to use Remote Execution, or select Apply via customized remote execution if you want to customize the remote execution. Select Apply via Katello agent if you have no connectivity to the target host using SSH.

  5. Click Submit.

10.6.7. Applying Installable Errata

Use the following procedure to view a list of installable errata and select errata to install.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the host you require.

  2. If there are errata associated with the host, they are displayed in an Installable Errata card on the new Host page.

  3. On the Content tab, Errata displays installable errata for the chosen host.

  4. Click the checkbox for any errata you wish to install.

  5. Using the vertical ellipsis icon next to the errata you want to add to the host, select Apply via Remote Execution to use Remote Execution. Select Apply via customized remote execution if you want to customize the remote execution, or select Apply via Katello agent if you have no connectivity to the target host using SSH.

  6. Click Submit.

10.6.8. Filter Errata by Type and Severity

Use the following procedure to filter errata by type or severity.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and click the name of the host.

  2. On the Contents tab, Errata lists the errata associated with the selected host.

  3. Click the Type button to filter errata by type.

  4. You can filter to display errata of type Security, Bugfix, or Enhancement

  5. Click the Severity button to filter by severity.

  6. You can filter to display errata of severity N/A, Low, Moderate, Important, or Critical.

  7. To deselect your choice, return to the list of options and click the selected option again.

You can also use the Errata card on the host page to pre-filter errata for type before display.

10.6.9. Removing Content From a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to remove packages from host collections.

Procedure

  1. Click Hosts > Host Collections.

  2. Click the host collection where the package should be removed.

  3. On the Collection Actions tab, click Package Installation, Removal, and Update.

  4. Select the Package or Package Group radio button as required.

  5. In the field provided, specify the package or package group name.

  6. Click the Remove button to remove the package or package group using the default method. Alternatively, select the drop-down icon to the right of the button and select a method to use. Selecting the via remote execution - customize first menu entry will take you to the Job invocation page where you can customize the action.

10.6.10. Changing the Life Cycle Environment or Content View of a Host Collection

The following procedure shows how to change the assigned life cycle environment or Content View of host collections.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Host Collection.

  2. Selection the host collection where the life cycle environment or Content View should be changed.

  3. On the Collection Actions tab, click Change assigned Life Cycle Environment or Content View.

  4. Select the life cycle environment to be assigned to the host collection.

  5. Select the required Content View from the list.

  6. Click Assign.

    Note

    The changes take effect in approximately 4 hours. To make the changes take effect immediately, on the host, enter the following command:

    # subscription-manager refresh

    You can use remote execution to run this command on multiple hosts at the same time.

11. Using Salt for Configuration Management

Use this section as a guide to configuring Foreman to use Salt for configuration management on managed hosts.

11.1. Introduction to Salt

Salt can be used as a configuration management tool similar to Ansible or Puppet.

This guide describes how to use Salt for configuration management in Foreman. This guide contains information about how to install the Salt plugin, how to integrate Foreman with an existing Salt Master, and how to configure managed hosts with Salt.

Note

Salt offers two distinct modes of operation: Clientless using SSH or the Salt Minion client software.

11.2. Salt Architecture

You need a Salt Master that either runs on your Foreman server or Smart Proxy server with the Salt plugin enabled. You can also use an existing Salt Master by installing and configuring the relevant Smart Proxy features on the existing Salt Master host.

For more information on installing a Salt Master, consult the official Salt documentation. Alternatively, use the bootstrap instructions found in the official Salt package repository.

Terminology

  • Managed hosts are referred to as Salt Minions.

  • Information in form of key-value pairs gathered from Salt Minions is referred to as Salt Grains.

  • Configuration templates are referred to as Salt States.

  • Bundles of Salt States are referred to as Salt Environments.

Use the same Salt version on the Salt Master as you are using on your Salt Minions. You can use Foreman’s content management to provide managed hosts with the correct version of the Salt Minion client software.

Table 4. Required Ports from Salt Master to Salt Minions
Port Protocol Service Required For

4505 and 4506

TCP

HTTPS

Salt Master to Salt Minions

9191

TCP

HTTPS

Salt API

11.3. Installing Salt Plugin

To configure managed hosts with Salt, you need to install the Salt plugin.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Foreman using SSH:

    # ssh root@foreman.example.com

  2. Install the Salt plugin:

    # foreman-installer \
--enable-foreman-plugin-salt \
--enable-foreman-proxy-plugin-salt

11.4. Configuring Salt

After you have installed the Salt plugin, you need to connect it to a Salt Master. This is required when adding Salt support to an existing Foreman installation, when adding an existing Salt Master to Foreman, or when setting up Salt on Smart Proxy.

Perform all actions on your Salt Master unless noted otherwise. This is either your Foreman server or Smart Proxy server with Salt enabled.

11.4.1. Configuring Foreman

You need to configure Foreman to use the Salt plugin.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Foreman using SSH:

    # ssh root@foreman.example.com

  2. Extend the /etc/sudoers file to allow the foreman-proxy user to run Salt:

    Cmd_Alias SALT = /usr/bin/salt, /usr/bin/salt-key
foreman-proxy ALL = NOPASSWD: SALT
Defaults:foreman-proxy !requiretty

  3. Add a user called saltuser to access the Salt API:

    # adduser --no-create-home --shell /bin/false --home-dir / saltuser
# passwd saltuser

    Enter the password for the Salt user twice.

    Note

    The command adduser saltuser -p password does not work. Using it prevents you from importing Salt States.

11.4.2. Configuring Salt Master

Configure your Salt Master to configure managed hosts using Salt.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Set Foreman as an external node classifier in /etc/salt/master for Salt:

    master_tops:
  ext_nodes: /usr/bin/foreman-node

  3. Enable Salt Pillar data for use with Foreman:

    ext_pillar:
  - puppet: /usr/bin/foreman-node

  4. Add a Salt Environment called base that is associated with the /srv/salt directory:

    file_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/salt

  5. Use the saltuser user for the Salt API and specify the connection settings in /etc/salt/master:

    external_auth:
  pam:
    saltuser:
      - '@runner'

rest_cherrypy:
  port: 9191
  host: 0.0.0.0
  ssl_key: /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/ssl/private_keys/foreman.example.com.pem
  ssl_crt: /etc/puppetlabs/puppet/ssl/certs/foreman.example.com.pem

  6. Optional: Use Salt as a remote execution provider.

    You can run arbitrary commands on managed hosts by using the existing connection from your Salt Master to Salt Minions. Configure the foreman-proxy user to run Salt commands in /etc/salt/master:

    publisher_acl:
  foreman-proxy:
    - state.template_str

11.4.3. Authenticating Salt Minions Using Salt Autosign Grains

Configure Foreman to automatically accept Salt Minions using Salt autosign Grains.

Procedure

  1. Configure the Grains key file on the Salt Master and add a reactor in the /etc/salt/master file:

    autosign_grains_dir: /var/lib/foreman-proxy/salt/grains

reactor:
  - 'salt/auth':
    - /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/reactors/foreman_minion_auth.sls

    The Grains file holds the acceptable keys when you deploy Salt Minions. The reactor initiates an interaction with the Salt plugin if the Salt Minion is successfully authenticated.

  2. Add the reactor to the salt/auth event.

  3. Copy the Salt runners into your file_roots runners directory. The directory depends on your /etc/salt/master config. If it is configured to use /srv/salt, create the runners folder /srv/salt/_runners and copy the Salt runners into it.

    # mkdir -p /srv/salt/_runners
# cp /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/runners/* /srv/salt/_runners/

  4. Restart the Salt Master service:

    # systemctl restart salt-master

  5. Enable the Salt reactors and runners in your Salt Environment:

    # salt-run saltutil.sync_all

11.4.4. Authenticating Salt Minions Using Host Names

Configure Foreman to authenticate Salt Minions based on their host names. This relies on the autosign.conf file that stores the host names of Salt Minions the Salt Master accepts.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Add the foreman-proxy user that is running Salt to the root user group:

    # usermod -a -G foreman-proxy root

  3. Enable the autosign.conf file in /etc/salt/master:

    autosign_file: /etc/salt/autosign.conf
permissive_pki_access: True

  4. Create the /etc/salt/autosign.conf file and set appropriate ownership and permissions:

    # touch /etc/salt/autosign.conf
# chown root:foreman-proxy /etc/salt/autosign.conf
# chmod 660 /etc/salt/autosign.conf

11.4.5. Enabling Salt Grains Upload

Managed hosts running the Salt Minion client software can upload Salt Grains to Foreman server or Smart Proxy server. Salt Grains are collected system properties, for example the operating system or IP address of a Salt Minion.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Edit /etc/salt/foreman.yaml on your Salt Master:

    :proto: https
:host: foreman.example.com
:port: 443
:ssl_ca: "/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/ssl/ssl_ca.pem"
:ssl_cert: "/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/ssl/client_cert.pem"
:ssl_key: "/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/ssl/client_key.pem"
:timeout: 10
:salt: /usr/bin/salt
:upload_grains: true

11.4.6. Configuring Salt API

Configure the Salt API in /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/salt.yml.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Edit /etc/foreman-proxy/settings.d/salt.yml:

    :use_api: true
:api_auth: pam
:api_url: https://foreman.example.com:9191
:api_username: saltuser
:api_password: password

    Ensure to use the password of the previously created saltuser.

11.4.7. Activating Salt

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Restart the Salt services:

    # systemctl restart salt-master salt-api

  3. Connect to your Foreman using SSH:

    # ssh root@foreman.example.com

  4. Restart Foreman services:

    # foreman-maintain service restart

  5. Refresh your Smart Proxy features.

    1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Smart Proxies.

    2. Click Refresh for the relevant Smart Proxy.

11.5. Setting up Salt Minions

Salt Minions require the Salt Minion client software to interact with your Salt Master.

11.5.1. Using Foremans Content Management

Provide managed hosts with the required Salt Minion client software using Foreman.

Procedure

  1. Create a product called Salt. For more information, see Creating a Custom Product.

  2. Create a repository within the Salt product for each operating system supported by Foreman that you want to install the Salt Minion client software on. For more information, see Adding RPM Repositories or Adding DEB Repositories.

    Add the operating system to the name of the repository, for example Salt for Ubuntu 20.04.

    You can find the upstream URL for the Salt packages on the official Salt package repository. The URL depends on both the Salt version and the operating system, for example https://repo.saltproject.io/py3/ubuntu/20.04/amd64/3003/.

  3. Synchronize the previously created products. For more information, see Synchronizing Repositories.

  4. Create a Content View for each repository. For more information, see Creating a Content View.

  5. Create a Composite Content View for each major version of each operating system to make the new content available. For more information, see Create a Composite Content View.

  6. Add each of your operating system specific Salt Content Views to your main Composite Content View for that operating system and version.

  7. Publish a new version of the Composite Content View from the previous step.

  8. Promote the Content View from the previous step to your lifecycle environments as appropriate. For more information, see Promoting a Content View.

  9. Optional: Create activation keys for your Composite Content View and lifecycle environment combinations.

11.5.2. Creating a Host Group With Salt

To bundle provisioning and configuration settings, you can create a host group with Salt enabled for managed hosts.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Configure > Host Groups.

  2. Click Create Host Group.

  3. Click the Host Group tab and select a Salt Environment and a Salt Master.

  4. Click the Salt States tab and assign Salt States to your host group.

  5. Click the Activation Keys tab and select an activation key containing the Salt Minion client software.

  6. Click Submit to save your host group.

Managed hosts deployed using this host group automatically install and configure the required Salt Minion client software and register with your Salt Master. For more information, see Creating a Host Group in the Managing Hosts guide.

11.5.3. Deploying Minion Hosts

Deploy managed hosts that are fully provisioned and configured for Salt usage.

Prerequisites to deploy Salt Minions

  1. A Salt Master

  2. A Salt Environment

  3. A Content View containing the required Salt Minion client software

  4. An activation key

  5. A lifecycle environment

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Create Host.

  2. Select the previously created host group with Salt enabled.

  3. Click Submit to deploy a host.

11.5.4. Verifying the Connection between Salt Master and Salt Minions

Verify the connection between your Salt Master and Salt Minions.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Ping your Salt Minions:

    # salt "*" test.ping

  3. Display all Salt Grains of all connected Salt Minions:

    # salt "*" grains.items

11.6. Salt Usage

Salt Minions managed by Foreman are associated with a Salt Master and a Salt Environment. The associated Salt Environment within Foreman must match the actual Salt Environment from the file_roots option in the /etc/salt/master file. You can configure managed hosts with Salt once they are associated with your Foreman server or Smart Proxy server and the Salt Minion client software is installed.

11.6.1. Using the Salt Hammer CLI

You can use Hammer CLI to configure managed hosts using Salt. Run hammer --help for more information.

Prerequisites

  • Install hammer_cli_foreman_salt on your Foreman server

Examples

  • Creating a Salt State:

    # hammer salt-state create \
--name My_Salt_State

  • Viewing information about a Salt Minion:

    # hammer salt-minion info \
--name salt-minion.example.com

  • Adding Salt States to a Salt Minion:

    # hammer salt-minion update \
--name salt-minion.example.com \
--salt-states My_Salt_State

11.6.2. Using the Salt API

Foreman Salt extends the Foreman REST API with Salt-specific features. View the full API documentation on your Foreman server at http://foreman.example.com/apidoc/v2.html.

Example

  • Using Curl to get a list of keys from "smartproxy.example.com":

    # curl -u My_User_Name:My_Password \
-H "Accept: version=2,application/json" \
https://foreman.example.com/salt/api/v2/salt_keys/smartproxy.example.com

11.6.3. Importing Salt States

A Salt State configures parts of a host, for example, a service or the installation of a package. You can import Salt States from your Salt Master to Foreman. The Salt Master configuration in this guide uses a Salt Environment called base that includes the Salt States stored in /srv/salt/.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Configure > Salt States and click Import from FQDN.

  2. Optional: Click Edit to assign Salt States to Salt Environments.

  3. Optional: Click Delete to remove a Salt State from your Foreman. This only removes the Salt State from Foreman, not from the disk of your Salt Master.

  4. Click Submit to import the Salt States.

After you have imported Salt States, you can assign them to hosts or Host Groups. Salt applies these Salt States to any hosts they are assigned to every time you run state.highstate.

Note

Configure the paths for Salt States and Salt Pillars in /etc/salt/master. By default, Salt States are located in /srv/salt and and Salt Pillars in /srv/pillar.

11.6.4. Viewing Salt Autosign Keys

The Salt Keys page lists hosts and their Salt keys. You can manually accept, reject, or delete keys.

Use the Salt autosign feature to automatically accept signing requests from managed hosts. By default, managed hosts are supplied with a Salt key during host provisioning.

Note

This feature only covers the autosign via autosign.conf authentication procedure.
Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Infrastructure > Smart Proxies.

  2. Select a Smart Proxy.

  3. In the Actions drop down menu, click Salt Keys.

11.6.5. Viewing Salt Reports

Salt reports are uploaded to Foreman every ten minutes using the /etc/cron.d/smart_proxy_salt cron job. You can trigger this action manually on your Salt Master:

# /usr/sbin/upload-salt-reports
Procedure

  1. To view Salt reports, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Config Management Reports.

  2. To view Salt reports associated with an individual host, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select a single host.

11.6.6. Enabling Salt Report Uploads

The Salt Master can directly upload Salt reports to Foreman.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. Ensure the reactor is present:

    # file /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/reactors/foreman_report_upload.sls

  3. Copy report upload script:

    # cp /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/runners/foreman_report_upload.py /srv/salt/_runners/

  4. Add the reactor to /etc/salt/master:

    reactor:
  - 'salt/auth':
    - /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/reactors/foreman_minion_auth.sls
  - 'salt/job/*/ret/*':
    - /usr/share/foreman-proxy/salt/reactors/foreman_report_upload.sls

  5. Restart the Salt Master:

    # systemctl restart salt-master

  6. Enable the new runner:

    # salt-run saltutil.sync_all

  7. If you use a cron job to upload facts from your Salt Master to Foreman, disable the cron job:

    # rm -f /etc/cron.d/smart_proxy_salt

Alternatively, you can upload Salt reports from your Salt Master to Foreman manually:

# /usr/sbin/upload-salt-reports

11.6.7. Salt Variables

You can configure Salt Variables within Foreman. The configured values are available as Salt Pillar data.

11.6.8. Viewing ENC Parameters

You can use Foreman as an external node classifier for Salt. Click Salt ENC on the host overview page to view assigned Salt States. This shows a list of parameters that are made available for Salt usage as Salt Pillar data.

You can check what parameters are truly available on the Salt side by completing the following procedure.

Procedure

  1. Connect to your Salt Master using SSH:

    # ssh root@salt-master.example.com

  2. View available ENC parameters:

    # salt '*' pillar.items

  3. Optional: Refresh the Salt Pillar data if a parameter is missing:

    # salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar

11.6.9. Running Salt

You can run arbitrary Salt functions using Foreman’s remote execution features.

Most commonly, you can run salt.highstate on one or more Salt Minions. This applies all relevant Salt States on your managed hosts.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  2. Select one or multiple hosts.

  3. Click Run Salt from the actions drop down menu.

    Alternatively, you can click Run Salt from the Schedule Remote Job drop down menu on the host overview page.

Triggering a remote execution job takes you to the corresponding job overview page.

If you select a host from the list, you can see the output of the remote job in real time.

To view remote jobs, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Jobs.

Running state.highstate generates a Salt report. Note that reports are uploaded to Foreman every ten minutes.

You can use Foreman’s remote execution features to run arbitrary Salt functions. This includes an optional test mode that tells you what would happen without actually changing anything.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts

  2. Select a host.

  3. Click Schedule Remote Job.

  4. For the Job category field, select Salt-Call from the drop down menu.

  5. For the Job template field, select Salt Run function from the drop down menu.

  6. In the Function field, enter the name of the function that you want to trigger, for example, pillar.items or test.ping.

  7. Optional: Click Display advanced fields and enable test-run.

  8. Click Submit to run the job.

You can also schedule remote jobs or run them recurrently. For more information, see Configuring and Setting up Remote Jobs in the Managing Hosts guide.

Alternatively, you can define recurrent actions using the native Salt way. For example, you can schedule hourly state.highstate runs on individual Salt Minions by extending /etc/salt/minion:

schedule:
  highstate:
    function: state.highstate
    minutes: 60

11.7. Salt Example

This example uses a Salt State to manage the /etc/motd file on one or more Salt Minions. It demonstrates the use of Foreman as an external node classifier and the use of Salt Grains.

Procedure

  1. Create a global parameter called vendor_name with the string Foreman as its value.

  2. Add a new Salt State called motd to your Salt Master.

  3. Create the /srv/salt/motd/ directory:

    # mkdir -p /srv/salt/motd/

  4. Create /srv/salt/motd/init.sls as a Salt State file:

    /etc/motd:
  file.managed:
    - user: root
    - group: root
    - mode: 0644
    - source: salt://motd/motd.template
    - template: jinja

  5. Create /srv/salt/motd/motd.template as a template referenced by the Salt State file:

    Welcome to {{ grains['fqdn'] }} Powered by {{ salt['pillar.get']('vendor_name') }}

    Access the fqdn Salt Grain from within this template and retrieve the vendor_name parameter from the Salt Pillar.

  6. Import the motd Salt State into Foreman.

  7. Verify that Salt has been given access to the vendor_name parameter by running either of the following commands on your Salt Master:

    # salt '*' pillar.items | grep -A 1 vendor_name
# salt '*' pillar.get vendor_name

    If the output does not include the value of the vendor_name parameter, you must refresh the Salt Pillar data first:

    # salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar

    For information about how to refresh Salt Pillar data, see Salt ENC parameters.

  8. Add the motd Salt State to your Salt Minions or a host group.

  9. Apply the Salt State by running state.highstate.

  10. Optional: Verify the contents of /etc/motd on a Salt Minion.

11.8. Additional Resources for Salt

12. Configuring and Setting Up Remote Jobs

Use this section as a guide to configuring Foreman to execute jobs on remote hosts.

Any command that you want to apply to a remote host must be defined as a job template. After you have defined a job template you can execute it multiple times.

12.1. About Running Jobs on Hosts

You can run jobs on hosts remotely from Smart Proxies using shell scripts or Ansible tasks and playbooks. This is referred to as remote execution.

For custom Ansible roles that you create, or roles that you download, you must install the package containing the roles on the Smart Proxy base operating system. Before you can use Ansible roles, you must import the roles into Foreman from the Smart Proxy where they are installed.

Communication occurs through Smart Proxy server, which means that Foreman server does not require direct access to the target host, and can scale to manage many hosts. Remote execution uses the SSH service that must be enabled and running on the target host. Ensure that the remote execution Smart Proxy has access to port 22 on the target hosts.

Foreman uses ERB syntax job templates. For more information, see Template Writing Reference in the Managing Hosts guide.

Several job templates for shell scripts and Ansible are included by default. For more information, see Setting up Job Templates.

Note

Any Smart Proxy server base operating system is a client of Foreman server’s internal Smart Proxy, and therefore this section applies to any type of host connected to Foreman server, including Smart Proxies.

You can run jobs on multiple hosts at once, and you can use variables in your commands for more granular control over the jobs you run. You can use host facts and parameters to populate the variable values.

In addition, you can specify custom values for templates when you run the command.

For more information, see Executing a Remote Job.

12.2. Remote Execution Workflow

When you run a remote job on hosts, for every host, Foreman performs the following actions to find a remote execution Smart Proxy to use.

Foreman searches only for Smart Proxies that have the remote execution feature enabled.

  1. Foreman finds the host’s interfaces that have the Remote execution checkbox selected.

  2. Foreman finds the subnets of these interfaces.

  3. Foreman finds remote execution Smart Proxies assigned to these subnets.

  4. From this set of Smart Proxies, Foreman selects the Smart Proxy that has the least number of running jobs. By doing this, Foreman ensures that the jobs load is balanced between remote execution Smart Proxies.

If you have enabled Prefer registered through Smart Proxy for remote execution, Foreman runs the REX job using the Smart Proxy the host is registered to.

By default, Prefer registered through Smart Proxy for remote execution is set to No. To enable it, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings, and on the Content tab, set Prefer registered through Smart Proxy for remote execution to Yes. This ensures that Foreman performs REX jobs on hosts by the Smart Proxy to which they are registered to.

If Foreman does not find a remote execution Smart Proxy at this stage, and if the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy setting is enabled, Foreman adds another set of Smart Proxies to select the remote execution Smart Proxy from. Foreman selects the most lightly loaded Smart Proxy from the following types of Smart Proxies that are assigned to the host:

  • DHCP, DNS and TFTP Smart Proxies assigned to the host’s subnets

  • DNS Smart Proxy assigned to the host’s domain

  • Realm Smart Proxy assigned to the host’s realm

  • Puppet server Smart Proxy

  • Puppet CA Smart Proxy

  • OpenSCAP Smart Proxy

If Foreman does not find a remote execution Smart Proxy at this stage, and if the Enable Global Smart Proxy setting is enabled, Foreman selects the most lightly loaded remote execution Smart Proxy from the set of all Smart Proxies in the host’s organization and location to execute a remote job.

12.3. Permissions for Remote Execution

You can control which roles can run which jobs within your infrastructure, including which hosts they can target. The remote execution feature provides two built-in roles:

  • Remote Execution Manager: Can access all remote execution features and functionality.

  • Remote Execution User: Can only run jobs.

You can clone the Remote Execution User role and customize its filter for increased granularity. If you adjust the filter with the view_job_templates permission on a customized role, you can only see and trigger jobs based on matching job templates. You can use the view_hosts and view_smart_proxies permissions to limit which hosts or Smart Proxies are visible to the role.

The execute_template_invocation permission is a special permission that is checked immediately before execution of a job begins. This permission defines which job template you can run on a particular host. This allows for even more granularity when specifying permissions.

You can run remote execution jobs against Foreman and Smart Proxy registered as hosts to Foreman with the execute_jobs_on_infrastructure_hosts permission. Standard Manager and Site Manager roles have this permission by default. If you use either the Manager or Site Manager role, or if you use a custom role with the execute_jobs_on_infrastructure_hosts permission, you can execute remote jobs against registered Foreman and Smart Proxy hosts.

For more information on working with roles and permissions, see Creating and Managing Roles in the Administering Foreman guide.

The following example shows filters for the execute_template_invocation permission:

name = Reboot and host.name = staging.example.com
name = Reboot and host.name ~ *.staging.example.com
name = "Restart service" and host_group.name = webservers

Use the first line in this example to apply the Reboot template to one selected host. Use the second line to define a pool of hosts with names ending with .staging.example.com. Use the third line to bind the template with a host group.

Note

Permissions assigned to users with these roles can change over time. If you have already scheduled some jobs to run in the future, and the permissions change, this can result in execution failure because permissions are checked immediately before job execution.

12.4. Creating a Job Template

Use this procedure to create a job template. To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Job templates.

  2. Click New Job Template.

  3. Click the Template tab, and in the Name field, enter a unique name for your job template.

  4. Select Default to make the template available for all organizations and locations.

  5. Create the template directly in the template editor or upload it from a text file by clicking Import.

  6. Optional: In the Audit Comment field, add information about the change.

  7. Click the Job tab, and in the Job category field, enter your own category or select from the default categories listed in Default Job Template Categories.

  8. Optional: In the Description Format field, enter a description template. For example, Install package %{package_name}. You can also use %{template_name} and %{job_category} in your template.

  9. From the Provider Type list, select SSH for shell scripts and Ansible for Ansible tasks or playbooks.

  10. Optional: In the Timeout to kill field, enter a timeout value to terminate the job if it does not complete.

  11. Optional: Click Add Input to define an input parameter. Parameters are requested when executing the job and do not have to be defined in the template. For examples, see the Help tab.

  12. Optional: Click Foreign input set to include other templates in this job.

  13. Optional: In the Effective user area, configure a user if the command cannot use the default remote_execution_effective_user setting.

  14. Optional: If this template is a snippet to be included in other templates, click the Type tab and select Snippet.

  15. Click the Location tab and add the locations where you want to use the template.

  16. Click the Organizations tab and add the organizations where you want to use the template.

  17. Click Submit to save your changes.

You can extend and customize job templates by including other templates in the template syntax. For more information, see the appendices in the Managing Hosts guide.

CLI procedure

  1. To create a job template using a template-definition file, enter the following command:

    # hammer job-template create \
--file "path_to_template_file" \
--name "template_name" \
--provider-type SSH \
--job-category "category_name"

12.5. Configuring the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy Remote Execution Setting in Foreman

You can enable the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy setting to configure Foreman to search for remote execution Smart Proxies from the list of Smart Proxies that are assigned to hosts. This can be useful if you need to run remote jobs on hosts that have no subnets configured or if the hosts' subnets are assigned to Smart Proxies that do not have the remote execution feature enabled.

If the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy setting is enabled, Foreman adds another set of Smart Proxies to select the remote execution Smart Proxy from. Foreman also selects the most lightly loaded Smart Proxy from the set of all Smart Proxies assigned to the host, such as the following:

  • DHCP, DNS and TFTP Smart Proxies assigned to the host’s subnets

  • DNS Smart Proxy assigned to the host’s domain

  • Realm Smart Proxy assigned to the host’s realm

  • Puppet server Smart Proxy

  • Puppet CA Smart Proxy

  • OpenSCAP Smart Proxy

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings.

  2. Click Remote Execution.

  3. Configure the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy setting.

CLI procedure

Enter the hammer settings set command on Foreman to configure the Fallback to Any Smart Proxy setting. For example, to set the value to true, enter the following command:

# hammer settings set --name=remote_execution_fallback_proxy --value=true

12.6. Configuring the Global Smart Proxy Remote Execution Setting in Foreman

By default, Foreman searches for remote execution Smart Proxies in hosts' organizations and locations regardless of whether Smart Proxies are assigned to hosts' subnets or not. You can disable the Enable Global Smart Proxy setting if you want to limit the search to the Smart Proxies that are assigned to hosts' subnets.

If the Enable Global Smart Proxy setting is enabled, Foreman adds another set of Smart Proxies to select the remote execution Smart Proxy from. Foreman also selects the most lightly loaded remote execution Smart Proxy from the set of all Smart Proxies in the host’s organization and location to execute a remote job.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings.

  2. Click Remote Execution.

  3. Configure the Enable Global Smart Proxy setting.

CLI procedure

  • Enter the hammer settings set command on Foreman to configure the Enable Global Smart Proxy setting. For example, to set the value to true, enter the following command:

    # hammer settings set --name=remote_execution_global_proxy --value=true

12.7. Configuring Foreman to Use an Alternative Directory to Execute Remote Jobs on Hosts

By default, Foreman uses the /var/tmp directory on the client system to execute the remote execution jobs. If the client system has noexec set for the /var/ volume or file system, you must configure Foreman to use an alternative directory because otherwise the remote execution job fails since the script cannot be run.

Procedure

  1. Create a new directory, for example new_place:

    # mkdir /remote_working_dir

  2. Copy the SELinux context from the default var directory:

    # chcon --reference=/var /remote_working_dir

  3. Configure the system:

    # foreman-installer --foreman-proxy-plugin-remote-execution-ssh-remote-working-dir /remote_working_dir

12.8. Distributing SSH Keys for Remote Execution

To use SSH keys for authenticating remote execution connections, you must distribute the public SSH key from Smart Proxy to its attached hosts that you want to manage. Ensure that the SSH service is enabled and running on the hosts. Configure any network or host-based firewalls to enable access to port 22.

Use one of the following methods to distribute the public SSH key from Smart Proxy to target hosts:

  1. Distributing SSH Keys for Remote Execution Manually.

  2. Using the Foreman API to Obtain SSH Keys for Remote Execution.

  3. Configuring a Kickstart Template to Distribute SSH Keys during Provisioning.

  4. For new Foreman hosts, you can deploy SSH keys to Foreman hosts during registration using the global registration template. For more information, see Registering a Host to Foreman Using the Global Registration Template.

Foreman distributes SSH keys for the remote execution feature to the hosts provisioned from Foreman by default.

If the hosts are running on Amazon Web Services, enable password authentication. For more information, see https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/new-user-accounts-linux-instance.

12.9. Distributing SSH Keys for Remote Execution Manually

To distribute SSH keys manually, complete the following steps:

Procedure

  1. Enter the following command on Smart Proxy. Repeat for each target host you want to manage:

    # ssh-copy-id -i ~foreman-proxy/.ssh/id_rsa_foreman_proxy.pub root@target.example.com

  2. To confirm that the key was successfully copied to the target host, enter the following command on Smart Proxy:

    # ssh -i ~foreman-proxy/.ssh/id_rsa_foreman_proxy root@target.example.com

12.10. Using the Foreman API to Obtain SSH Keys for Remote Execution

To use the Foreman API to download the public key from Smart Proxy, complete this procedure on each target host.

Procedure

  1. On the target host, create the ~/.ssh directory to store the SSH key:

    # mkdir ~/.ssh

  2. Download the SSH key from Smart Proxy:

    # curl https://smartproxy.example.com:9090/ssh/pubkey >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

  3. Configure permissions for the ~/.ssh directory:

    # chmod 700 ~/.ssh

  4. Configure permissions for the authorized_keys file:

    # chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

12.11. Configuring a Kickstart Template to Distribute SSH Keys during Provisioning

You can add a remote_execution_ssh_keys snippet to your custom kickstart template to deploy SSH Keys to hosts during provisioning. Kickstart templates that Foreman ships include this snippet by default. Therefore, Foreman copies the SSH key for remote execution to the systems during provisioning.

Procedure

  • To include the public key in newly-provisioned hosts, add the following snippet to the Kickstart template that you use:

    <%= snippet 'remote_execution_ssh_keys' %>

12.12. Configuring a keytab for Kerberos Ticket Granting Tickets

Use this procedure to configure Foreman to use a keytab to obtain Kerberos ticket granting tickets. If you do not set up a keytab, you must manually retrieve tickets.

Procedure

  1. Find the ID of the foreman-proxy user:

    # id -u foreman-proxy

  2. Modify the umask value so that new files have the permissions 600:

    # umask 077

  3. Create the directory for the keytab:

    # mkdir -p "/var/kerberos/krb5/user/USER_ID"

  4. Create a keytab or copy an existing keytab to the directory:

    # cp your_client.keytab /var/kerberos/krb5/user/USER_ID/client.keytab

  5. Change the directory owner to the foreman-proxy user:

    # chown -R foreman-proxy:foreman-proxy "/var/kerberos/krb5/user/USER_ID"

  6. Ensure that the keytab file is read-only:

    # chmod -wx "/var/kerberos/krb5/user/USER_ID/client.keytab"

  7. Restore the SELinux context:

    # restorecon -RvF /var/kerberos/krb5

12.13. Configuring Kerberos Authentication for Remote Execution

You can use Kerberos authentication to establish an SSH connection for remote execution on Foreman hosts.

Prerequisites

  • Enroll Foreman server on the Kerberos server

  • Enroll the Foreman target host on the Kerberos server

  • Configure and initialize a Kerberos user account for remote execution

  • Ensure that the foreman-proxy user on Foreman has a valid Kerberos ticket granting ticket

Procedure

  1. To install and enable Kerberos authentication for remote execution, enter the following command:

    # foreman-installer --scenario katello \
 --foreman-proxy-plugin-remote-execution-ssh-ssh-kerberos-auth true

  2. To edit the default user for remote execution, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings and click the Remote Execution tab. In the SSH User row, edit the second column and add the user name for the Kerberos account.

  3. Navigate to remote_execution_effective_user and edit the second column to add the user name for the Kerberos account.

To confirm that Kerberos authentication is ready to use, run a remote job on the host.

12.14. Setting up Job Templates

Foreman provides default job templates that you can use for executing jobs. To view the list of job templates, navigate to Hosts > Job templates. If you want to use a template without making changes, proceed to Executing a Remote Job.

You can use default templates as a base for developing your own. Default job templates are locked for editing. Clone the template and edit the clone.

Procedure

  1. To clone a template, in the Actions column, select Clone.

  2. Enter a unique name for the clone and click Submit to save the changes.

Job templates use the Embedded Ruby (ERB) syntax. For more information about writing templates, see the Template Writing Reference in the Managing Hosts guide.

Ansible Considerations

To create an Ansible job template, use the following procedure and instead of ERB syntax, use YAML syntax. Begin the template with ---. You can embed an Ansible playbook YAML file into the job template body. You can also add ERB syntax to customize your YAML Ansible template. You can also import Ansible playbooks in Foreman. For more information, see Synchronizing Repository Templates in the Managing Hosts guide.

Parameter Variables

At run time, job templates can accept parameter variables that you define for a host. Note that only the parameters visible on the Parameters tab at the host’s edit page can be used as input parameters for job templates. If you do not want your Ansible job template to accept parameter variables at run time, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings and click the Ansible tab. In the Top level Ansible variables row, change the Value parameter to No.

12.15. Executing a Remote Job

You can execute a job that is based on a job template against one or more hosts.

To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the target hosts on which you want to execute a remote job. You can use the search field to filter the host list.

  2. From the Select Action list, select Schedule Remote Job.

  3. On the Job invocation page, define the main job settings:

  4. Select the Job category and the Job template you want to use.

  5. Optional: Select a stored search string in the Bookmark list to specify the target hosts.

  6. Optional: Further limit the targeted hosts by entering a Search query. The Resolves to line displays the number of hosts affected by your query. Use the refresh button to recalculate the number after changing the query. The preview icon lists the targeted hosts.

  7. The remaining settings depend on the selected job template. See Creating a Job Template for information on adding custom parameters to a template.

  8. Optional: To configure advanced settings for the job, click Display advanced fields. Some of the advanced settings depend on the job template, the following settings are general:

    • Effective user defines the user for executing the job, by default it is the SSH user.

    • Concurrency level defines the maximum number of jobs executed at once, which can prevent overload of systems' resources in a case of executing the job on a large number of hosts.

    • Timeout to kill defines time interval in seconds after which the job should be killed, if it is not finished already. A task which could not be started during the defined interval, for example, if the previous task took too long to finish, is canceled.

    • Type of query defines when the search query is evaluated. This helps to keep the query up to date for scheduled tasks.

    • Execution ordering determines the order in which the job is executed on hosts: alphabetical or randomized.

      Concurrency level and Timeout to kill settings enable you to tailor job execution to fit your infrastructure hardware and needs.

  9. To run the job immediately, ensure that Schedule is set to Execute now. You can also define a one-time future job, or set up a recurring job. For recurring tasks, you can define start and end dates, number and frequency of runs. You can also use cron syntax to define repetition. For more information about cron, see the Automating System Tasks section of the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator’s Guide.

  10. Click Submit. This displays the Job Overview page, and when the job completes, also displays the status of the job.

CLI procedure

  • Enter the following command on Foreman:

# hammer settings set --name=remote_execution_global_proxy --value=false

To execute a remote job with custom parameters, complete the following steps:

  1. Find the ID of the job template you want to use:

    # hammer job-template list

  2. Show the template details to see parameters required by your template:

    # hammer job-template info --id template_ID

  3. Execute a remote job with custom parameters:

    # hammer job-invocation create \
--job-template "template_name" \
--inputs key1="value",key2="value",... \
--search-query "query"

    Replace query with the filter expression that defines hosts, for example "name ~ rex01". For more information about executing remote commands with hammer, enter hammer job-template --help and hammer job-invocation --help.

12.16. Scheduling a Recurring Ansible Job for a Host

You can schedule a recurring job to run Ansible roles on hosts.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and select the target host on which you want to execute a remote job.

  2. On the Ansible tab, select Jobs.

  3. Click Schedule recurring job.

  4. Define the repetition frequency, start time, and date of the first run in the Create New Recurring Ansible Run window.

  5. Click Submit.

  6. Optional: View the scheduled Ansible job in host overview or by navigating to Ansible > Jobs.

12.17. Scheduling a Recurring Ansible Job for a Host Group

You can schedule a recurring job to run Ansible roles on host groups.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Configure > Host groups.

  2. In the Actions column, select Configure Ansible Job for the host group you want to schedule an Ansible roles run for.

  3. Click Schedule recurring job.

  4. Define the repetition frequency, start time, and date of the first run in the Create New Recurring Ansible Run window.

  5. Click Submit.

12.18. Monitoring Jobs

You can monitor the progress of the job while it is running. This can help in any troubleshooting that may be required.

Ansible jobs run on batches of 100 hosts, so you cannot cancel a job running on a specific host. A job completes only after the Ansible playbook runs on all hosts in the batch.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Jobs. This page is automatically displayed if you triggered the job with the Execute now setting. To monitor scheduled jobs, navigate to Monitor > Jobs and select the job run you wish to inspect.

  2. On the Job page, click the Hosts tab. This displays the list of hosts on which the job is running.

  3. In the Host column, click the name of the host that you want to inspect. This displays the Detail of Commands page where you can monitor the job execution in real time.

  4. Click Back to Job at any time to return to the Job Details page.

CLI procedure

To monitor the progress of a job while it is running, complete the following steps:

  1. Find the ID of a job:

    # hammer job-invocation list

  2. Monitor the job output:

    # hammer job-invocation output \
--id job_ID \
--host host_name

  3. Optional: to cancel a job, enter the following command:

    # hammer job-invocation cancel \
--id job_ID

13. Host Status in Foreman

In Foreman, each host has a global status that indicates which hosts need attention. Each host also has sub-statuses that represent status of a particular feature. With any change of a sub-status, the global status is recalculated and the result is determined by statuses of all sub-statuses.

13.1. Host Global Status Overview

The global status represents the overall status of a particular host. The status can have one of three possible values: OK, Warning, or Error. You can find global status on the Hosts Overview page. The status displays a small icon next to host name and has a color that corresponds with the status. Hovering over the icon renders a tooltip with sub-status information to quickly find out more details. To view the global status for a host, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

OK

No errors were reported by any sub-status. This status is highlighted with the color green.

Warning

While no error was detected, some sub-status raised a warning. For example, there are no configuration management reports for the host even though the host is configured to send reports. It is a good practice to investigate any warnings to ensure that your deployment remains healthy. This status is highlighted with the color yellow.

Error

Some sub-status reports a failure. For example, a run contains some failed resources. This status is highlighted with the color red.

Search syntax

If you want to search for hosts according to their status, use the syntax for searching in Foreman that is outlined in the https://docs.theforeman.org/3.1/Administering_Project/index-katello.html#Searching_and_Bookmarking_admin chapter of the Administering Foreman guide, and then build your searches out using the following status-related examples:

To search for hosts that have an OK status:

global_status = ok

To search for all hosts that deserve attention:

global_status = error or global_status = warning

13.2. Host Sub-status Overview

A sub-status monitors only part of a host’s capabilities.

Currently, Foreman ships only with Build and Configuration sub-statuses. There can be more sub-statuses depending on which plugins you add to your Foreman.

The build sub-status is relevant for managed hosts and when Foreman runs in unattended mode.

The configuration sub-status is only relevant if Foreman uses a configuration management system like Ansible, Puppet, or Salt.

To view the sub-status for a host, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts and click the host whose full status you want to inspect. You can also view substatus information in the hover help for each host.

In the Properties table of the host details' page, you can view both the global host status and all sub-statuses.

Each sub-status can define its own set of possible values that are mapped to the three global status values.

The Build sub-status has two possible values – pending and built that are both mapped to global OK value.

The Configuration status has more possible values that map to the global status as follows:

sub-statuses that map to the global OK status
Active

During the last run, some resources were applied.

Pending

During the last run, some resources would be applied but your configuration management integration was configured to run in noop mode.

No changes

During the last run, nothing changed.

No reports

This can be both a Warning or OK sub-status. This occurs when there are no reports but the host uses, for example, an associated configuration management proxy or always_show_configuration_status setting is set to true, it maps to Warning.

Sub-status that maps to the global Error status
Error

This indicates an error during configuration, for example, a run failed to install a package.

sub-statuses that map to the global Warning status
Out of sync

A configuration report was not received within the expected interval, based on the outofsync_interval. Reports are identified by an origin and can have different intervals based upon it.

No reports

When your host uses a configuration management system but Foreman does not receive reports, it maps to Warning. Otherwise it is mapped to OK.

Search syntax

If you want to search for hosts according to their sub-status, use the syntax for searching in Foreman that is outlined in the Searching and Bookmarking chapter of the Administering Foreman guide, and then build your searches out using the following status-related examples:

You search for hosts' configuration sub-statuses based on their last reported state.

For example, to find hosts that have at least one pending resource:

status.pending > 0

To find hosts that restarted some service during last run:

status.restarted > 0

To find hosts that have an interesting last run that might indicate something has happened:

status.interesting = true

14. Synchronizing Template Repositories

In Foreman, you can synchronize repositories of job templates, provisioning templates, report templates, and partition table templates between Foreman server and a version control system or local directory. In this chapter, a Git repository is used for demonstration purposes.

This section details the workflow for installing and configuring the TemplateSync plug-in and performing exporting and importing tasks.

14.1. Enabling the TemplateSync Plug-in

Procedure

  1. To enable the plug-in on your Foreman server, enter the following command:

    # foreman-installer --enable-foreman-plugin-templates

  2. To verify that the plug-in is installed correctly, ensure Administer > Settings includes the TemplateSync menu.

14.2. Configuring the TemplateSync Plug-in

In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > Settings > TemplateSync to configure the plug-in. The following table explains the attributes behavior. Note that some attributes are used only for importing or exporting tasks.

Table 5. Synchronizing Templates Plug-in configuration
Parameter API parameter name Meaning on importing Meaning on exporting

Associate

associate

Accepted values: always, new, never

Associates templates with OS, Organization, and Location based on metadata.

N/A

Branch

branch

Specifies the default branch in Git repository to read from.

Specifies the default branch in Git repository to write to.

Dirname

dirname

Specifies the subdirectory under the repository to read from.

Specifies the subdirectory under the repository to write to.

Filter

filter

Imports only templates with names that match this regular expression.

Exports only templates with names that match this regular expression.

Force import

force

Imported templates overwrite locked templates with the same name.

N/A

Lock templates

lock

Do not overwrite existing templates when you import a new template with the same name, unless Force import is enabled.

N/A

Metadata export mode

metadata_export_mode

Accepted values: refresh, keep, remove

N/A

Defines how metadata is handled when exporting:

  • Refresh — remove existing metadata from the template content and generate new metadata based on current assignments and attributes.

  • Keep — retain the existing metadata.

  • Remove — export template without metadata. Useful if you want to add metadata manually.

Negate

negate

Accepted values: true, false

Imports templates ignoring the filter attribute.

Exports templates ignoring the filter attribute.

Prefix

prefix

Adds specified string to the beginning of the template if the template name does not start with the prefix already.

N/A

Repo

repo

Defines the path to the repository to synchronize from.

Defines the path to a repository to export to.

Verbosity

verbose

Accepted values: true, false

Enables writing verbose messages to the logs for this action.

N/A

14.3. Using Repository Sources

You can use existing repositories or local directories to synchronize templates with your Foreman server.

14.3.1. Synchronizing Templates with an Existing Repository

Use this procedure to synchronize templates between your Foreman server and an existing repository.

Procedure

  1. If you want to use HTTPS to connect to the repository and you use a self-signed certificate authentication on your Git server, validate the certificate:

    # sudo -u foreman git config --global http.sslCAPath Path_To_My_Certificate

  2. If you want to use SSH to connect to the repository, perform the following steps:

    1. Create an SSH key pair if you do not already have it. Do not specify a passphrase.

      # sudo -u foreman ssh-keygen

    2. Configure your version control server with the public key from your Foreman, which resides in /usr/share/foreman/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.

    3. Accept the Git SSH host key as the foreman user:

      # sudo -u foreman ssh git.example.com

  3. Configure the TemplateSync plug-in settings on a TemplateSync tab.

    1. Change the Branch setting to match the target branch on a Git server.

    2. Change the Repo setting to match the Git repository. For example, for the repository located in git@git.example.com/templates.git set the setting into git@git.example.com/templates.git.

14.3.2. Synchronizing Templates with a Local Directory

Synchronizing templates with a local directory is useful if you have configured a version control repository in the local directory. That way, you can edit templates and track the history of edits in the directory. You can also synchronize changes to Foreman server after editing the templates.

Prerequisites

  • Each template must contain the location and organization that the template belongs to. This applies to all template types. Before you import a template, ensure that you add the following section to the template:

    <%#
kind: provision
name: My_Provisioning_Template
oses:
- My_first_OS
- My_second_OS
locations:
- My_first_Location
- My_second_Location
organizations:
- My_first_Organization
- My_second_Organization
%>
Procedure

  1. In /var/lib/foreman, create a directory for storing templates:

    # mkdir /var/lib/foreman/My_Templates_Dir
    Note

    You can place your templates to a custom directory outside /var/lib/foreman, but you have to ensure that the Foreman service can read its contents. The directory must have the correct file permissions and the foreman_lib_t SELinux label.

  2. Change the owner of the new templates directory to the foreman user:

    # chown foreman /var/lib/foreman/My_Templates_Dir

  3. Change the Repo setting on the TemplateSync tab to match the /var/lib/foreman/My_Templates_Dir/ directory.

14.4. Importing and Exporting Templates

You can import and export templates using the Foreman web UI, Hammer CLI, or Foreman API. Foreman API calls use the role-based access control system, which enables the tasks to be executed as any user. You can synchronize templates with a version control system, such as Git, or a local directory.

14.4.1. Importing Templates

You can import templates from a repository of your choice. You can use different protocols to point to your repository, for example /tmp/dir, git://example.com, https://example.com, and ssh://example.com.

Note

The templates provided by Foreman are locked and you cannot import them by default. To overwrite this behavior, change the Force import setting in the TemplateSync menu to yes or add the force parameter -d '{ "force": "true" }' to the import command.
Prerequisites

  • Each template must contain the location and organization that the template belongs to. This applies to all template types. Before you import a template, ensure that you add the following section to the template:

    <%#
kind: provision
name: My_Provisioning_Template
oses:
- My_first_OS
- My_second_OS
locations:
- My_first_Location
- My_second_Location
organizations:
- My_first_Organization
- My_second_Organization
%>

To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure. To use the API, see the API Procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Sync Templates.

  2. Click Import.

  3. Each field is populated with values configured in Administer > Settings > TemplateSync. Change the values as required for the templates you want to import. For more information about each field, see Configuring the TemplateSync Plug-in.

  4. Click Submit.

The Foreman web UI displays the status of the import. The status is not persistent; if you leave the status page, you cannot return to it.

CLI procedure

  • To import a template from a repository, enter the following command:

    $ hammer import-templates \
--branch "My_Branch" \
--filter '.*Template Name$' \
--organization "My_Organization" \
--prefix "[Custom Index] " \
--repo "https://git.example.com/path/to/repository"

    For better indexing and management of your templates, use --prefix to set a category for your templates. To select certain templates from a large repository, use --filter to define the title of the templates that you want to import. For example --filter '.*Ansible Default$' imports various Ansible Default templates.

API Procedure

  1. Send a POST request to api/v2/templates/import:

    # curl -H "Accept:application/json" \
-H "Content-Type:application/json" \
-u login:password \
-k https://foreman.example.com/api/v2/templates/import \
-X POST

    If the import is successful, you receive {"message":"Success"}.

14.4.2. Exporting Templates

Use this procedure to export templates to a git repository.

To use the CLI instead of the Foreman web UI, see the CLI procedure. To use the API, see the API Procedure.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Sync Templates.

  2. Click Export.

  3. Each field is populated with values configured in Administer > Settings > TemplateSync. Change the values as required for the templates you want to export. For more information about each field, see Configuring the TemplateSync Plug-in.

  4. Click Submit.

The Foreman web UI displays the status of the export. The status is not persistent; if you leave the status page, you cannot return to it.

CLI procedure

  1. To export the templates to a repository, enter the following command:

    hammer export-templates \
--organization "My_Organization" \
--repo "https://git.example.com/path/to/repository"
    Note

    This command clones the repository, makes changes in a commit, and pushes back to the repository. You can use the --branch "My_Branch" option to export the templates to a specific branch.
API Procedure

  1. Send a POST request to api/v2/templates/export:

    # curl -H "Accept:application/json" \
-H "Content-Type:application/json" \
-u login:password \
-k https://foreman.example.com/api/v2/templates/export \
-X POST

    If the export is successful, you receive {"message":"Success"}.

Note

You can override default API settings by specifying them in the request with the -d parameter. The following example exports templates to the git.example.com/templates repository:

# curl -H "Accept:application/json" \
-H "Content-Type:application/json" \
-u login:password \
-k https://foreman.example.com/api/v2/templates/export \
-X POST \
-d "{\"repo\":\"git.example.com/templates\"}"

14.5. Uninstalling the Foreman Templates Plug-in

To avoid errors after removing the foreman_templates plugin:

Procedure

  1. Disable the plug-in using the Foreman installer:

    # foreman-installer --no-enable-foreman-plugin-templates

  2. Clean custom data of the plug-in. The command does not affect any templates that you created.

    # foreman-rake templates:cleanup

  3. Uninstall the plug-in:

    # yum remove foreman-plugin-templates

15. Managing Packages

You can use Foreman to install, upgrade, and remove packages on hosts.

15.1. Enabling and Disabling Repositories on Hosts

Use this procedure to enable or disable repositories on hosts.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts,

  2. Select the host name.

  3. Click the Content tab.

  4. Click the Repository Sets tab.

  5. Click the vertical ellipsis.

  6. Choose Override to disabled or Override to enabled to disable or enable repositories on hosts.

15.2. Installing Packages on a Host

Use this procedure to install packages on a host using the Foreman web UI. The list of packages available for installation depends on the Content View and Lifecycle Environment assigned to the host.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  2. Select the host you want to install packages on.

  3. Select the Content tab, then select the Packages tab.

  4. Click the vertical ellipsis at the top of the page and select Install Packages.

  5. In the Install packages popup window, select the packages that you want to install on the host.

  6. Click Install.

By default, the packages are installed using remote execution.

15.3. Upgrading Packages on a Host

Use this procedure to upgrade packages on a host using the Foreman web UI. The packages are upgraded through Katello agent or remote execution, depending on your configuration.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  2. Click the name of the host you want to modify.

  3. Select the Content tab, then select the Packages tab.

  4. Select the Upgradable filter from the Status box to list the upgradable packages.

    If a package has more than one available upgrade version, only the latest upgradable version is displayed.

  5. Click Upgrade. The remote execution job starts immediately.

    You can also customize the remote execution by selecting Upgrade via customized remote execution from the dropdown menu.

15.4. Removing Packages from a Host

Use this procedure to remove packages from a host using the Foreman web UI.

Procedure

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All Hosts.

  2. Select the host you want to remove packages from.

  3. Select the Content tab, then select the Packages tab.

  4. Check the packages you want to remove.

  5. From the vertical ellipsis at the top, click Remove.

You get a REX job notification once the packages are removed.

Appendix A: Template Writing Reference

Embedded Ruby (ERB) is a tool for generating text files based on templates that combine plain text with Ruby code. Foreman uses ERB syntax in the following cases:

Provisioning templates

For more information, see Creating Provisioning Templates in the Provisioning Guide.

Remote execution job templates

For more information, see Configuring and Setting Up Remote Jobs.

Report templates

For more information, see Using Report Templates to Monitor Hosts.

Templates for partition tables

For more information, see Creating Partition Tables in the Provisioning Guide.

Smart Class Parameters

For more information, see Configuring Puppet Smart Class Parameters in Configuring Hosts Using Puppet.

This section provides an overview of Foreman-specific macros and variables that can be used in ERB templates along with some usage examples. Note that the default templates provided by Foreman (Hosts > Provisioning templates, Hosts > Job templates, Monitor > Report Templates ) also provide a good source of ERB syntax examples.

When provisioning a host or running a remote job, the code in the ERB is executed and the variables are replaced with the host specific values. This process is referred to as rendering. Foreman server has the safemode rendering option enabled by default, which prevents any harmful code being executed from templates.

Accessing the Template Writing Reference in the Foreman web UI

You can access the template writing reference document in the Foreman web UI.

Procedure

  1. Log in to the Foreman web UI.

  2. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Administer > About.

  3. Click the Templates DSL link in the Support section.

Writing ERB Templates

The following tags are the most important and commonly used in ERB templates:

<% %>

All Ruby code is enclosed within <% %> in an ERB template. The code is executed when the template is rendered. It can contain Ruby control flow structures as well as Foreman-specific macros and variables. For example:

<% if @host.operatingsystem.family == "Redhat" && @host.operatingsystem.major.to_i > 6 -%>
systemctl <%= input("action") %> <%= input("service") %>
<% else -%>
service <%= input("service") %> <%= input("action") %>
<% end -%>

Note that this template silently performs an action with a service and returns nothing at the output.

<%= %>

This provides the same functionality as <% %> but when the template is executed, the code output is inserted into the template. This is useful for variable substitution, for example:

Example input:

echo <%= @host.name %>

Example rendering:

host.example.com

Example input:

<% server_name = @host.fqdn %>
<%= server_name %>

Example rendering:

host.example.com

Note that if you enter an incorrect variable, no output is returned. However, if you try to call a method on an incorrect variable, the following error message returns:

Example input:

<%= @example_incorrect_variable.fqdn -%>

Example rendering:

undefined method `fqdn' for nil:NilClass
<% -%>, <%= -%>

By default, a newline character is inserted after a Ruby block if it is closed at the end of a line:

Example input:

<%= "line1" %>
<%= "line2" %>

Example rendering:

line1
line2

To change the default behavior, modify the enclosing mark with -%>:

Example input:

<%= "line1" -%>
<%= "line2" %>

Example rendering:

line1line2

This is used to reduce the number of lines, where Ruby syntax permits, in rendered templates. White spaces in ERB tags are ignored.

An example of how this would be used in a report template to remove unnecessary newlines between a FQDN and IP address:

Example input:

<%= @host.fqdn -%>
<%= @host.ip -%>

Example rendering:

host.example.com10.10.181.216
<%# %>

Encloses a comment that is ignored during template rendering:

Example input:

<%# A comment %>

This generates no output.

Indentation in ERB templates

Because of the varying lengths of the ERB tags, indenting the ERB syntax might seem messy. ERB syntax ignore white space. One method of handling the indentation is to declare the ERB tag at the beginning of each new line and then use white space within the ERB tag to outline the relationships within the syntax, for example:

<%- load_hosts.each do |host| -%>
<%-   if host.build? %>
<%=     host.name %> build is in progress
<%-   end %>
<%- end %>

Troubleshooting ERB Templates

The Foreman web UI provides two ways to verify the template rendering for a specific host:

  • Directly in the template editor – when editing a template (under Hosts > Partition tables, Hosts > Provisioning templates, or Hosts > Job templates), on the Template tab click Preview and select a host from the list. The template then renders in the text field using the selected host’s parameters. Preview failures can help to identify issues in your template.

  • At the host’s details page – select a host at Hosts > All hosts and click the Templates tab to list templates associated with the host. Select Review from the list next to the selected template to view it’s rendered version.

Generic Foreman-Specific Macros

This section lists Foreman-specific macros for ERB templates. You can use the macros listed in the following table across all kinds of templates.

Table 6. Generic Macros
Name Description

indent(n)

Indents the block of code by n spaces, useful when using a snippet template that is not indented.

foreman_url(kind)

Returns the full URL to host-rendered templates of the given kind. For example, templates of the "provision" type usually reside at http://HOST/unattended/provision.

snippet(name)

Renders the specified snippet template. Useful for nesting provisioning templates.

snippets(file)

Renders the specified snippet found in the Foreman database, attempts to load it from the unattended/snippets/ directory if it is not found in the database.

snippet_if_exists(name)

Renders the specified snippet, skips if no snippet with the specified name is found.

Templates Macros

If you want to write custom templates, you can use some of the following macros. Depending on the template type, some of the following macros have different requirements.

For more information about the available macros for report templates, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Monitor > Report Templates, and click Create Template. In the Create Template window, click the Help tab.

For more information about the available macros for job templates, in the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Job Templates, and click the New Job Template. In the New Job Template window, click the Help tab.

input

Using the input macro, you can customize the input data that the template can work with. You can define the input name, type, and the options that are available for users. For report templates, you can only use user inputs. When you define a new input and save the template, you can then reference the input in the ERB syntax of the template body.

<%= input('cpus') %>

This loads the value from user input cpus.

load_hosts

Using the load_hosts macro, you can generate a complete list of hosts.

<%- load_hosts().each_record do |host| -%>
<%=     host.name %>

Use the load_hosts macro with the each_record macro to load records in batches of 1000 to reduce memory consumption.

If you want to filter the list of hosts for the report, you can add the option search: input(‘Example_Host’):

<% load_hosts(search: input('Example_Host')).each_record do |host| -%>
<%=  host.name %>
<% end -%>

In this example, you first create an input that you then use to refine the search criteria that the load_hosts macro retrieves.

report_row

Using the report_row macro, you can create a formatted report for ease of analysis. The report_row macro requires the report_render macro to generate the output.

Example input:
<%- load_hosts(search: input('Example_Host')).each_record do |host| -%>
<%-   report_row(
        'Server FQDN': host.name
      ) -%>
<%- end -%>
<%= report_render -%>
Example rendering:
Server FQDN
host1.example.com
host2.example.com
host3.example.com
host4.example.com
host5.example.com
host6.example.com

You can add extra columns to the report by adding another header. The following example adds IP addresses to the report:

Example input:
<%- load_hosts(search: input('host')).each_record do |host| -%>
<%-   report_row(
      'Server FQDN': host.name,
           'IP': host.ip
      ) -%>
<%- end -%>
<%= report_render -%>
Example rendering:
Server FQDN,IP
host1.example.com,10.8.30.228
host2.example.com,10.8.30.227
host3.example.com,10.8.30.226
host4.example.com,10.8.30.225
host5.example.com,10.8.30.224
host6.example.com,10.8.30.223
report_render

This macro is available only for report templates.

Using the report_render macro, you create the output for the report. During the template rendering process, you can select the format that you want for the report. YAML, JSON, HTML, and CSV formats are supported.

<%= report_render -%>
render_template()

This macro is available only for job templates.

Using this macro, you can render a specific template. You can also enable and define arguments that you want to pass to the template.

truthy

Using the truthy macro, you can declare if the value passed is true or false, regardless of whether the value is an integer or boolean or string.

This macro helps to avoid confusion when your template contains multiple value types. For example, the boolean value true is not the same as the string value "true". With this macro, you can declare how you want the template to interpret the value and avoid confusion.

You can use truthy to declare values as follows:

truthy?(“true”) => true
truthy?(1) => true
truthy?(“false”) => false
truthy?(0) => false
falsy

The falsy macro serves the same purpose as the truthy macro.

Using the falsy macro, you can declare if the value passed in is true or false, regardless of whether the value is an integer or boolean or string.

You can use falsy to declare values as follows:

falsy?(“true”) => false
falsy?(1) => false
falsy?(“false”) => true
falsy?(0) => true

Host-Specific Variables

The following variables enable using host data within templates. Note that job templates accept only @host variables.

Table 7. Host Specific Variables and Macros
Name Description

@host.architecture

The architecture of the host.

@host.bond_interfaces

Returns an array of all bonded interfaces. See Parsing Arrays.

@host.capabilities

The method of system provisioning, can be either build (for example kickstart) or image.

@host.certname

The SSL certificate name of the host.

@host.diskLayout

The disk layout of the host. Can be inherited from the operating system.

@host.domain

The domain of the host.

@host.environment Deprecated Use the host_puppet_environment variable instead.

The Puppet environment of the host.

@host.facts

Returns a Ruby hash of facts from Facter. For example to access the 'ipaddress' fact from the output, specify @host.facts['ipaddress'].

@host.grub_pass

Returns the host’s bootloader password.

@host.hostgroup

The host group of the host.

host_enc['parameters']

Returns a Ruby hash containing information on host parameters. For example, use host_enc['parameters']['lifecycle_environment'] to get the life cycle environment of a host.

@host.image_build?

Returns true if the host is provisioned using an image.

@host.interfaces

Contains an array of all available host interfaces including the primary interface. See Parsing Arrays.

@host.interfaces_with_identifier('IDs')

Returns array of interfaces with given identifier. You can pass an array of multiple identifiers as an input, for example @host.interfaces_with_identifier(['eth0', 'eth1']). See Parsing Arrays.

@host.ip

The IP address of the host.

@host.location

The location of the host.

@host.mac

The MAC address of the host.

@host.managed_interfaces

Returns an array of managed interfaces (excluding BMC and bonded interfaces). See Parsing Arrays.

@host.medium

The assigned operating system installation medium.

@host.name

The full name of the host.

@host.operatingsystem.family

The operating system family.

@host.operatingsystem.major

The major version number of the assigned operating system.

@host.operatingsystem.minor

The minor version number of the assigned operating system.

@host.operatingsystem.name

The assigned operating system name.

@host.operatingsystem.boot_files_uri(medium_provider)

Full path to the kernel and initrd, returns an array.

@host.os.medium_uri(@host)

The URI used for provisioning (path configured in installation media).

host_param('parameter_name')

Returns the value of the specified host parameter.

host_param_false?('parameter_name')

Returns false if the specified host parameter evaluates to false.

host_param_true?('parameter_name')

Returns true if the specified host parameter evaluates to true.

@host.primary_interface

Returns the primary interface of the host.

@host.provider

The compute resource provider.

@host.provision_interface

Returns the provisioning interface of the host. Returns an interface object.

@host.ptable

The partition table name.

@host.puppet_ca_server Deprecated Use the host_puppet_ca_server variable instead.

The Puppet CA server the host must use.

@host.puppetmaster Deprecated Use the host_puppet_server variable instead.

The Puppet server the host must use.

@host.pxe_build?

Returns true if the host is provisioned using the network or PXE.

@host.shortname

The short name of the host.

@host.sp_ip

The IP address of the BMC interface.

@host.sp_mac

The MAC address of the BMC interface.

@host.sp_name

The name of the BMC interface.

@host.sp_subnet

The subnet of the BMC network.

@host.subnet.dhcp

Returns true if a DHCP proxy is configured for this host.

@host.subnet.dns_primary

The primary DNS server of the host.

@host.subnet.dns_secondary

The secondary DNS server of the host.

@host.subnet.gateway

The gateway of the host.

@host.subnet.mask

The subnet mask of the host.

@host.url_for_boot(:initrd)

Full path to the initrd image associated with this host. Not recommended, as it does not interpolate variables.

@host.url_for_boot(:kernel)

Full path to the kernel associated with this host. Not recommended, as it does not interpolate variables, prefer boot_files_uri.

@provisioning_type

Equals to 'host' or 'hostgroup' depending on type of provisioning.

@static

Returns true if the network configuration is static.

@template_name

Name of the template being rendered.

grub_pass

Returns a bootloader argument to set the encrypted bootloader password, such as --md5pass=#{@host.grub_pass}.

ks_console

Returns a string assembled using the port and the baud rate of the host which can be added to a kernel line. For example console=ttyS1,9600.

root_pass

Returns the root password configured for the system.

The majority of common Ruby methods can be applied on host-specific variables. For example, to extract the last segment of the host’s IP address, you can use:

<% @host.ip.split('.').last %>

Kickstart-Specific Variables

The following variables are designed to be used within kickstart provisioning templates.

Table 8. Kickstart Specific Variables
Name Description

@arch

The host architecture name, same as @host.architecture.name.

@dynamic

Returns true if the partition table being used is a %pre script (has the #Dynamic option as the first line of the table).

@epel

A command which will automatically install the correct version of the epel-release rpm. Use in a %post script.

@mediapath

The full kickstart line to provide the URL command.

@osver

The operating system major version number, same as @host.operatingsystem.major.

Conditional Statements

In your templates, you might perform different actions depending on which value exists. To achieve this, you can use conditional statements in your ERB syntax.

In the following example, the ERB syntax searches for a specific host name and returns an output depending on the value it finds:

Example input
<% load_hosts().each_record do |host| -%>
<% if @host.name == "host1.example.com" -%>
<%      result="positive" -%>
<%  else -%>
<%      result="negative" -%>
<%  end -%>
<%= result -%>
Example rendering
host1.example.com
positive

Parsing Arrays

While writing or modifying templates, you might encounter variables that return arrays. For example, host variables related to network interfaces, such as @host.interfaces or @host.bond_interfaces, return interface data grouped in an array. To extract a parameter value of a specific interface, use Ruby methods to parse the array.

Finding the Correct Method to Parse an Array

The following procedure is an example that you can use to find the relevant methods to parse arrays in your template. In this example, a report template is used, but the steps are applicable to other templates.

  1. To retrieve the NIC of a content host, in this example, using the @host.interfaces variable returns class values that you can then use to find methods to parse the array.

    Example input:
    <%= @host.interfaces -%>
    Example rendering:
    <Nic::Base::ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy:0x00007f734036fbe0>

  2. In the Create Template window, click the Help tab and search for the ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy and Nic::Base classes.

  3. For ActiveRecord_Associations_CollectionProxy, in the Allowed methods or members column, you can view the following methods to parse the array:

    [] each find_in_batches first map size to_a

  4. For Nic::Base, in the Allowed methods or members column, you can view the following method to parse the array:

    alias? attached_devices attached_devices_identifiers attached_to bond_options children_mac_addresses domain fqdn identifier inheriting_mac ip ip6 link mac managed? mode mtu nic_delay physical? primary provision shortname subnet subnet6 tag virtual? vlanid

  5. To iterate through an interface array, add the relevant methods to the ERB syntax:

    Example input:
    <% load_hosts().each_record do |host| -%>
<%    host.interfaces.each do |iface| -%>
  iface.alias?: <%= iface.alias? %>
  iface.attached_to: <%= iface.attached_to %>
  iface.bond_options: <%= iface.bond_options %>
  iface.children_mac_addresses: <%= iface.children_mac_addresses %>
  iface.domain: <%= iface.domain %>
  iface.fqdn: <%= iface.fqdn %>
  iface.identifier: <%= iface.identifier %>
  iface.inheriting_mac: <%= iface.inheriting_mac %>
  iface.ip: <%= iface.ip %>
  iface.ip6: <%= iface.ip6 %>
  iface.link: <%= iface.link %>
  iface.mac: <%= iface.mac %>
  iface.managed?: <%= iface.managed? %>
  iface.mode: <%= iface.mode %>
  iface.mtu: <%= iface.mtu %>
  iface.physical?: <%= iface.physical? %>
  iface.primary: <%= iface.primary %>
  iface.provision: <%= iface.provision %>
  iface.shortname: <%= iface.shortname %>
  iface.subnet: <%= iface.subnet %>
  iface.subnet6: <%= iface.subnet6 %>
  iface.tag: <%= iface.tag %>
  iface.virtual?: <%= iface.virtual? %>
  iface.vlanid: <%= iface.vlanid %>
<%- end -%>
    Example rendering:
    host1.example.com
  iface.alias?: false
  iface.attached_to:
  iface.bond_options:
  iface.children_mac_addresses: []
  iface.domain:
  iface.fqdn: host1.example.com
  iface.identifier: ens192
  iface.inheriting_mac: 00:50:56:8d:4c:cf
  iface.ip: 10.10.181.13
  iface.ip6:
  iface.link: true
  iface.mac: 00:50:56:8d:4c:cf
  iface.managed?: true
  iface.mode: balance-rr
  iface.mtu:
  iface.physical?: true
  iface.primary: true
  iface.provision: true
  iface.shortname: host1.example.com
  iface.subnet:
  iface.subnet6:
  iface.tag:
  iface.virtual?: false
  iface.vlanid:

Example Template Snippets

Checking if a Host Has Puppet and Puppetlabs Enabled

The following example checks if the host has the Puppet and Puppetlabs repositories enabled:

<%
pm_set = @host.puppetmaster.empty? ? false : true
puppet_enabled = pm_set || host_param_true?('force-puppet')
puppetlabs_enabled = host_param_true?('enable-puppetlabs-repo')
%>
Capturing Major and Minor Versions of a Host’s Operating System

The following example shows how to capture the minor and major version of the host’s operating system, which can be used for package related decisions:

<%
os_major = @host.operatingsystem.major.to_i
os_minor = @host.operatingsystem.minor.to_i
%>

<% if ((os_minor < 2) && (os_major < 14)) -%>
...
<% end -%>
Importing Snippets to a Template

The following example imports the subscription_manager_registration snippet to the template and indents it by four spaces:

<%= indent 4 do
snippet 'subscription_manager_registration'
end %>
Conditionally Importing a Kickstart Snippet

The following example imports the kickstart_networking_setup snippet if the host’s subnet has the DHCP boot mode enabled:

<% subnet = @host.subnet %>
<% if subnet.respond_to?(:dhcp_boot_mode?) -%>
<%= snippet 'kickstart_networking_setup' %>
<% end -%>
Parsing Values from Host Custom Facts

You can use the host.facts variable to parse values from a host’s facts and custom facts. In this example luks_stat is a custom fact that you can parse in the same manner as dmi::system::serial_number, which is a host fact:

'Serial': host.facts['dmi::system::serial_number'],
'Encrypted': host.facts['luks_stat'],

In this example, you can customize the Applicable Errata report template to parse for custom information about the kernel version of each host:

<%-     report_row(
          'Host': host.name,
          'Operating System': host.operatingsystem,
          'Kernel': host.facts['uname::release'],
          'Environment': host.lifecycle_environment,
          'Erratum': erratum.errata_id,
          'Type': erratum.errata_type,
          'Published': erratum.issued,
          'Applicable since': erratum.created_at,
          'Severity': erratum.severity,
          'Packages': erratum.package_names,
          'CVEs': erratum.cves,
          'Reboot suggested': erratum.reboot_suggested,
        ) -%>

Appendix B: Job Template Examples and Extensions

Use this section as a reference to help modify, customize, and extend your job templates to suit your requirements.

Customizing Job Templates

When creating a job template, you can include an existing template in the template editor field. This way you can combine templates, or create more specific templates from the general ones.

The following template combines default templates to install and start the httpd service on Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems:

<%= render_template 'Package Action - SSH Default', :action => 'install', :package => 'httpd' %>
<%= render_template 'Service Action - SSH Default', :action => 'start', :service_name => 'httpd' %>

The above template specifies parameter values for the rendered template directly. It is also possible to use the input() method to allow users to define input for the rendered template on job execution. For example, you can use the following syntax:

<%= render_template 'Package Action - SSH Default', :action => 'install', :package => input("package") %>

With the above template, you have to import the parameter definition from the rendered template. To do so, navigate to the Jobs tab, click Add Foreign Input Set, and select the rendered template from the Target template list. You can import all parameters or specify a comma separated list.

Default Job Template Categories

Job template category Description

Packages

Templates for performing package related actions. Install, update, and remove actions are included by default.

Puppet

Templates for executing Puppet runs on target hosts.

Power

Templates for performing power related actions. Restart and shutdown actions are included by default.

Commands

Templates for executing custom commands on remote hosts.

Services

Templates for performing service related actions. Start, stop, restart, and status actions are included by default.

Katello

Templates for performing content related actions. These templates are used mainly from different parts of the Foreman web UI (for example bulk actions UI for content hosts), but can be used separately to perform operations such as errata installation.

Example restorecon Template

This example shows how to create a template called Run Command - restorecon that restores the default SELinux context for all files in the selected directory on target hosts.

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > Job templates. Click New Job Template.

  2. Enter Run Command - restorecon in the Name field. Select Default to make the template available to all organizations. Add the following text to the template editor:

    restorecon -RvF <%= input("directory") %>

    The <%= input("directory") %> string is replaced by a user-defined directory during job invocation.

  3. On the Job tab, set Job category to Commands.

  4. Click Add Input to allow job customization. Enter directory to the Name field. The input name must match the value specified in the template editor.

  5. Click Required so that the command cannot be executed without the user specified parameter.

  6. Select User input from the Input type list. Enter a description to be shown during job invocation, for example Target directory for restorecon.

  7. Click Submit.

See Executing a restorecon Template on Multiple Hosts for information on how to execute a job based on this template.

Rendering a restorecon Template

This example shows how to create a template derived from the Run command - restorecon template created in Example restorecon Template. This template does not require user input on job execution, it will restore the SELinux context in all files under the /home/ directory on target hosts.

Create a new template as described in Setting up Job Templates, and specify the following string in the template editor:

<%= render_template("Run Command - restorecon", :directory => "/home") %>

Executing a restorecon Template on Multiple Hosts

This example shows how to run a job based on the template created in Example restorecon Template on multiple hosts. The job restores the SELinux context in all files under the /home/ directory.

  1. In the Foreman web UI, navigate to Hosts > All hosts and select target hosts. Select Schedule Remote Job from the Select Action list.

  2. In the Job invocation page, select the Commands job category and the Run Command - restorecon job template.

  3. Type /home in the directory field.

  4. Set Schedule to Execute now.

  5. Click Submit. You are taken to the Job invocation page where you can monitor the status of job execution.

Including Power Actions in Templates

This example shows how to set up a job template for performing power actions, such as reboot. This procedure prevents Foreman from interpreting the disconnect exception upon reboot as an error, and consequently, remote execution of the job works correctly.

Create a new template as described in Setting up Job Templates, and specify the following string in the template editor:

<%= render_template("Power Action - SSH Default", :action => "restart") %>